Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Incubation period
the time from invasion to the time when disease symptoms invasion to the time when the disease symptoms first appear
carries
continue to shed the infection agent without symptoms
When should primary prevention to avoid infection be
stage of susceptibility (handwashing)
When should secondary prevention to avoid infection be
stage of clinical disease (has symptoms)
When should tertiary prevention be
stage of recovering from disability
latent period
infectious agent has invaded a host and found condition hospitable to replicate.
is latent period contagnosis
no
what is the first contagious period
start of communicability period
communicable period
follows latency and begins with shedding of agent
Incubation period
time from invasion to time when disease symptoms first appear. May overlap with communicable period
incubation ends when the patient
becomes symptomatic
stages of infection
latent + Incubation–> Incubation + communicable –> Communicable
Incidence
the occurrence of new case in the population
endemic
constant and expected level or disease in the area
Ex: not going away and there is an expected level/ number of disease in area
outbreak
an unexpected occurence of an infectuoua diease in a limited geographic
Epidemic
an unexpected INCREASE in an infectious disease in a geographic area over an extended period
Infectious agent
Micro-organism capable of causing disease or illness
bacteria
fungi
parasites
act differently depending on their intrinsic properties and interaction with the human host
Reservoirs
placed in which infectious agents live, grow, and reproduce
people
water
food
Portals of exit
ways in which infectious agent leaves the reservoir
blood
serections
excertions
skin
examples of reservoirs
people
water
food
modes of transmission
ways in which the infectious agent can spread to host
direct: person to person
indirect: implies a vehicle of transmission- airborne droplets or vector
portals of entry
ways in which the infectious agent eventer the susceptible host
mucous membranes
resp sys
digestive sys
broken skin
susceptible host
immune def
DM
burns
surgery
age
Infectious agents
micro-organism capable of causing disease or illness
bacteria
fungi
parasites
direct transmission
Immediate transfer of agent from host to human human
Direct contact: handshakes, kissing, sex, touching
Indirect contact: sneezing, coughing (droplet)
Indirect Transmission
Spreads of infection through a vehicle of transmission outside of the host
-airborne
—-particles stay in the air for longer
- vehicle-borne
—-food, water, blood, fomites (objects)
- vector borne
——-biological
——-mechanical
Vector-borne: biological
the parasite grows in the animal or vector (carry illness)
- malaria
Vector-borne: Mechanical
when a fly defecates on human food
If we screen a patient there must be a
solution for followups to send them or its considered unethical
contact tracing
-contacts the person and encourages them to isolate
-interview and help identify who they were in contact w
-notifies those close contracts and have them monitor for symptoms and self-quarantine
used for STI, TB, COVID
challenges with contract tracing
privacy (tracer cant name the person infected)
Quarantine
During the incubation period to enforce isolation and restrict people who have been exposed to an infectious agent during the incubation period
controlling human transmission
vaccines, quarantining, isolation
active immunity: natural
antibiotics mad after exposure to an infection
Active immunity: articial
vaccines
passive immunity: natural
breast feeding
passive immunity: artificial
IVIG or other serums
Herd immunity
a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be protected if a certain proportion of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune
herd immunity is when _____ of the population is vaccinated
80%
eradication
a disease that has been eliminated to nearly zero
notifiable infectious diease go to
health department-> state health department-> CDC
cold chain
system to insure that vaccines are kept at designated temperatures from the time they are manufactured till given as a vaccine
