Epidemiological aspects of establishing and operating animal production units Flashcards
Aspects of site selection
- Features of the terrain
- Keeping protecting distances
- Electric and water supply
Features of the terrain
- best on flatland or on field sloping gently towards south
- dangerous: high water table, cold foggy valleys, strong wind, hilltops
- orientation: wind direction, no heat loss
- wind shielding forest: wind protection, dust filter
- prevailing wind direction: other farms, dangerous establishments, different aged animals
Keeping protecting distances
- distance from public road and railroad by law: 50-100m
- distance from other establishments
- no absolute security against airborne spreading of pathogens
- keep as much distance as possible
Electric and water supply
- electric supply from two different sources
- planning of water supply: quantity, quality
Isolation (fencing)
- protect premises: illegal person, stray animals
- control vehicle, public, animal transport
- outside the fences: wells, handling area, facilities for energy and water supply
- inside: disinfection facilities, social administration building, silos, loading facilities, building for emergency slaughter and autopsy, etc.
- visitors: limited, with permission
Public transport
◦ Black/white system
◦ changing of clothes
◦ taking shower
◦ At least hand and shoe disinfection single use shoe cover/clothing
◦ medical certificate for tuberculosis and salmonellosis
◦ restriction for taking food of home origin
◦ Workers should keep the same species at home
◦ no contact with the same species within 3days
Traffic of vehicles
- internal and external traffic separated: disinfection before entering, only selected vehicles, short time
- wheel disinfection: 2-3% sodium hypochloride
- spraying vehicles and personals with disinfectants at the gate
- entering of waste collecting/transporting is forbidden
- white roads: new, unused materials
- black roads: used materials
Animal transport
- new farms can be filled up with animals
- transport of replacement animals to dairy farms
- transport of pig for breeding replacement to swine farms
- buying-in rams and ewes to existent sheep flocks
- poultry farms
New farms
- with permission of the competent veterinary authority
- with animals bought in from livestock production units, free from all eradicated or being eradicated diseases by nation-wide eradication programme
- with animals with favorable certificate by the diagnostic tests prescribed by the competent veterinary authority
- with animals from the same farm, (preferably) of the same age and breed
Transport of replacement animals to dairy cattle farms
- free from TB, brucellosis, leucosis, proven by individual certificate based on lab test, prescribed by competent vet authority
- dairy herds free from IBR can buy in replacements only from IBR free herds, certificate needed
Transport of pigs for breeding replacement to swine farms
- gilts and boars for breeding replacement
- serologically free from Aujeszky- disease, brucellosis, leptospirosis and PRRS
Buying-in rams and ewes to existent sheep flocks
- negative from Maedi/Visna, Brucella ovis,
B. melitensis and sarcoptic mange infection
Poultry farms
- day old chicken: hatched from eggs originating from the same farm and hatched in the same hatchery
- the farm at the time of submitting eggs to hatcheries: free from infectious diseases, available approved vaccination program infos
- modern farms: same species, breed and age. Breeding and commercial flocks must be separated
Quarantine
- prior to introduction of replacements
- observe of notifiable diseases
- treat diseases due to transport stress
- implement diagnostics, therapeutic and prophylactic measures
Basic principles of quarantining
- outside of the unit with separate utensils and attendant(s)
- daily control by the head of the unit
- weekly visit by the vet or at request
- acclimatization to the management routine of the host unit
Plan for quarantining of food animal operations
- animals are separeted from herd
- different tools
- different workers, or they start with the normal herd
- marked place
- animals should be examined, or vaxxed if necessary
Hygiene of operation
- infectious establishments in the animal operations
- operation of bio-security
- operation of animal farms is liable to authorisation by the competent veterinary authority
- large farm vs small farm
Infectious establishments in the animal operations
- dissection room
- store room for cadavers, storing in refrigerated compartment
- on the spot incinerators
- store room or container tightly closed
- sewage should be disinfected
- in the line of the fence
- building is fit for disinfection
- autopsy on daily basis
- collection and ransfer of cadavers to rendering plants
Operation of bio-security
-◦continuous checking the presence and operation of
bio-security establishments
◦ continuing education of farmers and workers of animal premises importance of setting good example by the
veterinarian
Autharisation of operation of animal farms
◦ existence and operation of bio-security facilities is controlled by the experts of competent veterinary authority ◦ the experts may use check lists in the process of authorisation
Large farm vs small farm
- stricter rules in case of large farms: epidemiological and animal hygiene demands, protocols
- small farms: dressing room, toilet, cleaning and disinfection is possible, preparations for epidemiological crisis
