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MLSP FINALS > EPIDEMIOLGY AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION PART 1 > Flashcards

EPIDEMIOLGY AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

an infectious microorganism or pathogen: virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe.

A

AGENT

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2
Q

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related
states or events in specified populations, and the application of
this studyto the control of health problems

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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3
Q

human who can get the disease

A

HOST

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4
Q

proportion of exposed persons who become
infected

A

INFECTIVITY

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5
Q

proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal

A

VIRULENCE

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6
Q

proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

A

PATHOGENICTY

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7
Q

persons who are infectious but have subclinical disease

A

CARRIERS

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8
Q

what stage state extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms

A

Stage of Subclinical Disease

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9
Q

what period was defined as for infectious diseases

A

Incubation period (Hepatitis A- as long as 7 weeks)

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10
Q

what period was defined as for chronic diseases

A

Latency period

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11
Q

may be as brief as seconds for hypersensitivity

A

Latency period

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12
Q

most diagnoses are made during this stage

A

Stage of Clinical Disease

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13
Q

the persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection

A

Carriers

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14
Q

extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure

A

Environment

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15
Q

environmental factors include in Physical Factors

A

geology and climate

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16
Q

environmental factors include in
socioeconomic factors

A

crowding, sanitation, and the
availability of health services.

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17
Q

Biological factors

A

insects that transmit the agent

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18
Q

variety of factors intrinsic to the host

A
  • influence an individual’s exposure
  • susceptibility
  • response to a causative agent
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19
Q

exposure to an organism will result in disease including

A

organism’s pathogenicity and dose

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20
Q

what carriers transmits the pathogen during the incubation period

A

Incubatory carrier

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21
Q

what carriers completely recovered from disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

A

Active carriers

22
Q

what carriers transmit pathogen during
convalescence or recovery period

A

Convalescent carrier

23
Q

what carriers carry the pathogen without ever having the disease

A

Passive carriers

24
Q

what routes contaminated food and water; consumption of infected animal products

A

Ingestion

25
Q

what routes with infected animal or with domestic pet waste

A

Direct contact

26
Q

what routes from contaminated hides, fur, feathers

A

Inhalation

27
Q

what routes is an insect vector

A

Injection of the pathogen

28
Q

Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission,
and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

A

Chain of Infection

29
Q

Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.

A

Animal Reservoir

30
Q

Diseases that are transmitted from person to person without intermediaries

A

Human Reservoir

31
Q

an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

A

Zoonois

32
Q

e.g. air, soil, food, milk, water, and fomites

A

Inanimate Reservoir (non-living)

32
Q

e.g. air, soil, food, milk, water, and fomites

A

Inanimate Reservoir (non-living)

33
Q

contaminated by dust, smoke, and respiratory secretions of humans expelled into the air by breathing, blowing, sneezing, and coughing

A

Air

34
Q

contaminated materials

A

Fomites

35
Q

Inanimate Reservoir - e.g. clothing, bedding, urinals/bedpans, eating and drinking utensils

A

Fomites

36
Q

the path by which a pathogen leaves its host and usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized

A

Portal of Exit

37
Q

[Portal Of Exit]
Influenza and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

respiratory tract

37
Q

[Portal Of Exit]
Influenza and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

respiratory tract

38
Q

[Portal of Exit]
Schistosomes

A

urine

39
Q

[Portal of Exit]
Cholera vibrios

A

feces

40
Q

agents can exit by crossing the placenta
from mother to fetus (rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis),

A

Some bloodborne

41
Q

others exit through cuts or needles in the skin

A

Hepatitis B or Malaria

42
Q

how an infectious agent can be transferred

A

Mode of Transmission

43
Q

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse

A

Direct transmission

44
Q

spread by direct contact with contaminated
soil

A

hookworm

45
Q

other infectious are spread from person to person by direct contact

A

mononucleosis (“kissing disease”) and gonorrhea

46
Q

spray with relatively large, short-range
aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking

A

Droplet Spread

47
Q

transmitted from patient to a susceptible host by droplet spread

A

Pertussis and meningococcal infection

48
Q

Long recognized zoonotic diseases include:

A
  • brucellosis (cows and pigs)
  • anthrax (sheep)
  • plague (rodents)
  • trichinellosis/trichinosis (swine)
  • tularemia (rabbits)
  • rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and other mammals)
49
Q

Disease transmitted from person to person includes sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, and many respiratory pathogens

A

Human Reservoir

MLSP FINALS (7 decks)

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