EPIDEMIOLGY AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION PART 1

Question 1

an infectious microorganism or pathogen: virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe.

Answer 1

AGENT

Question 2

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related
states or events in specified populations, and the application of
this studyto the control of health problems

Answer 2

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 3

human who can get the disease

Answer 3

HOST

Question 4

proportion of exposed persons who become
infected

Answer 4

INFECTIVITY

Question 5

proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal

Answer 5

VIRULENCE

Question 6

proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

Answer 6

PATHOGENICTY

Question 7

persons who are infectious but have subclinical disease

Answer 7

CARRIERS

Question 8

what stage state extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms

Answer 8

Stage of Subclinical Disease

Question 9

what period was defined as for infectious diseases

Answer 9

Incubation period (Hepatitis A- as long as 7 weeks)

Question 10

what period was defined as for chronic diseases

Answer 10

Latency period

Question 11

may be as brief as seconds for hypersensitivity

Answer 11

Latency period

Question 12

most diagnoses are made during this stage

Answer 12

Stage of Clinical Disease

Question 13

the persons with incubating disease or inapparent infection

Answer 13

Carriers

Question 14

extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure

Answer 14

Environment

Question 15

environmental factors include in Physical Factors

Answer 15

geology and climate

Question 16

environmental factors include in
socioeconomic factors

Answer 16

crowding, sanitation, and the
availability of health services.

Question 17

Biological factors

Answer 17

insects that transmit the agent

Question 18

variety of factors intrinsic to the host

Answer 18

• influence an individual’s exposure
• susceptibility
• response to a causative agent

Question 19

exposure to an organism will result in disease including

Answer 19

organism’s pathogenicity and dose

Question 20

what carriers transmits the pathogen during the incubation period

Answer 20

Incubatory carrier

Question 21

what carriers completely recovered from disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

Answer 21

Active carriers

Question 22

what carriers transmit pathogen during
convalescence or recovery period

Answer 22

Convalescent carrier

Question 23

what carriers carry the pathogen without ever having the disease

Answer 23

Passive carriers

Question 24

what routes contaminated food and water; consumption of infected animal products

Answer 24

Ingestion

Question 25

what routes with infected animal or with domestic pet waste

Answer 25

Direct contact

Question 26

what routes from contaminated hides, fur, feathers

Answer 26

Inhalation

Question 27

what routes is an insect vector

Answer 27

Injection of the pathogen

Question 28

Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.

Answer 28

Chain of Infection

Question 29

Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.

Answer 29

Animal Reservoir

Question 30

Diseases that are transmitted from person to person without intermediaries

Answer 30

Human Reservoir

Question 31

an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

Answer 31

Zoonois

Question 32

e.g. air, soil, food, milk, water, and fomites

Answer 32

Inanimate Reservoir (non-living)

Question 32

e.g. air, soil, food, milk, water, and fomites

Answer 32

Inanimate Reservoir (non-living)

Question 33

contaminated by dust, smoke, and respiratory secretions of humans expelled into the air by breathing, blowing, sneezing, and coughing

Answer 33

Air

Question 34

contaminated materials

Answer 34

Fomites

Question 35

Inanimate Reservoir - e.g. clothing, bedding, urinals/bedpans, eating and drinking utensils

Answer 35

Fomites

Question 36

the path by which a pathogen leaves its host and usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized

Answer 36

Portal of Exit

Question 37

[Portal Of Exit] Influenza and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 37

respiratory tract

Question 37

[Portal Of Exit] Influenza and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 37

respiratory tract

Question 38

[Portal of Exit] Schistosomes

Answer 38

urine

Question 39

[Portal of Exit] Cholera vibrios

Answer 39

feces

Question 40

agents can exit by crossing the placenta from mother to fetus (rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis),

Answer 40

Some bloodborne

Question 41

others exit through cuts or needles in the skin

Answer 41

Hepatitis B or Malaria

Question 42

how an infectious agent can be transferred

Answer 42

Mode of Transmission

Question 43

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse

Answer 43

Direct transmission

Question 44

spread by direct contact with contaminated soil

Answer 44

hookworm

Question 45

other infectious are spread from person to person by direct contact

Answer 45

mononucleosis (“kissing disease”) and gonorrhea

Question 46

spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking

Answer 46

Droplet Spread

Question 47

transmitted from patient to a susceptible host by droplet spread

Answer 47

Pertussis and meningococcal infection

Question 48

Long recognized zoonotic diseases include:

Answer 48

- brucellosis (cows and pigs) - anthrax (sheep) - plague (rodents) - trichinellosis/trichinosis (swine) - tularemia (rabbits) - rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and other mammals)

Question 49

Disease transmitted from person to person includes sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, and many respiratory pathogens

Answer 49

Human Reservoir