Epi FA Flashcards
A clinician is aware of the patient’s treatment type
Observational bias
Screening detects disease earlier and lengthens time from diagnosis to death
Lead-time bias
the proportion of people who have the disease and test positive
Sensitivity
Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule ___ a disease
OUT
Prevalence and/or incidence: cross sectional, cohort study, case-control
Cross sectional: prevalence
Cohort: both
Case-control: neither
Difference between cohort and case control
Cohort used to calculate RR, incidence, odds ratio. Case-control can be used to calculate OR, an estimate of RR when prevalence is low
Attributable risk
The difference in risk between exposed and unexposed
Relative risk
Incidence in exposed/incidence in nonexposed
What pts start colorectal screening early
IBD, familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC, first degree relatives of someone with polyps
Odds ratio: cohort, case-control, cross-sectional
Cohort: odds of developing disease in exposed group divided by odds of dev in unexposed
Case-control: odds that cases were exposed/odds of exposure to control
Cross-sectional: odds that exposed has disease/odds that unexposed has disease
The percentage of cases within 1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD
68%, 95.4%, 99.7%
Birth and mortality rate
Number of live births/deaths per 1000 in 1 yr
Neonatal/infant/maternal mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Deaths from birth to 28, birth to first year, during pregnancy to 90 days postpartum
T of F: pts must continue treatment after consent has been given
False
3 reasons for involuntary psych hospitalization
Danger to self, others, or gravely disabled
T or F: it is more difficult to justify withdrawal of futile care than to withhold it initially
F. Withdrawing non beneficial treatment is ethically similar to withholding a nonindicated one
Can parents refuse vaccination for children?
Yes as long as it does not pose a serious threat to child well-being
When can a physician refuse to continue treatment on grounds of futility?
No rationale, failed maximal intervention, treatment will not achieve goals of care
8 year old in a serious accident. Requires emergent transfusion. Parents not present.
Treat immediately. Implied consent in emergencies
What reasons are Involuntary commitment or isolation for medical treatment necessary?
When treatment noncompliance is a public health danger
10 yo child in status. Parents refuse treatment on religious grounds
Treat due to immediate threat. Get a court order
How do you interpret the 95% CI for a relative risk of .582 (CI .502, 0.673
RR ranges from .502 to .673 with 95% confidence
