Epi FA

Question 1

A clinician is aware of the patient’s treatment type

Answer 1

Observational bias

Question 2

Screening detects disease earlier and lengthens time from diagnosis to death

Answer 2

Lead-time bias

Question 3

the proportion of people who have the disease and test positive

Answer 3

Sensitivity

Question 4

Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule ___ a disease

Answer 4

OUT

Question 5

Prevalence and/or incidence: cross sectional, cohort study, case-control

Answer 5

Cross sectional: prevalence
Cohort: both
Case-control: neither

Question 6

Difference between cohort and case control

Answer 6

Cohort used to calculate RR, incidence, odds ratio. Case-control can be used to calculate OR, an estimate of RR when prevalence is low

Question 7

Attributable risk

Answer 7

The difference in risk between exposed and unexposed

Question 8

Relative risk

Answer 8

Incidence in exposed/incidence in nonexposed

Question 9

What pts start colorectal screening early

Answer 9

IBD, familial adenomatous polyposis, HNPCC, first degree relatives of someone with polyps

Question 10

Odds ratio: cohort, case-control, cross-sectional

Answer 10

Cohort: odds of developing disease in exposed group divided by odds of dev in unexposed
Case-control: odds that cases were exposed/odds of exposure to control
Cross-sectional: odds that exposed has disease/odds that unexposed has disease

Question 11

The percentage of cases within 1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD

Answer 11

68%, 95.4%, 99.7%

Question 12

Birth and mortality rate

Answer 12

Number of live births/deaths per 1000 in 1 yr

Question 13

Neonatal/infant/maternal mortality rate

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 13

Deaths from birth to 28, birth to first year, during pregnancy to 90 days postpartum

Question 14

T of F: pts must continue treatment after consent has been given

Answer 14

False

Question 15

3 reasons for involuntary psych hospitalization

Answer 15

Danger to self, others, or gravely disabled

Question 16

T or F: it is more difficult to justify withdrawal of futile care than to withhold it initially

Answer 16

F. Withdrawing non beneficial treatment is ethically similar to withholding a nonindicated one

Question 17

Can parents refuse vaccination for children?

Answer 17

Yes as long as it does not pose a serious threat to child well-being

Question 18

When can a physician refuse to continue treatment on grounds of futility?

Answer 18

No rationale, failed maximal intervention, treatment will not achieve goals of care

Question 19

8 year old in a serious accident. Requires emergent transfusion. Parents not present.

Answer 19

Treat immediately. Implied consent in emergencies

Question 20

What reasons are Involuntary commitment or isolation for medical treatment necessary?

Answer 20

When treatment noncompliance is a public health danger

Question 21

10 yo child in status. Parents refuse treatment on religious grounds

Answer 21

Treat due to immediate threat. Get a court order

Question 22

How do you interpret the 95% CI for a relative risk of .582 (CI .502, 0.673

Answer 22

RR ranges from .502 to .673 with 95% confidence