EO4 - Chapters 9,10,11 Flashcards
State
Largest political state. Formal term for a country.
Sovereignty
Power of a political unit to rule over itself.
Nation
Group of people who share a common heritage, beliefs and values, a particular space as their homeland, desire to have their own state or express self-determination.
Nation-state
Nation of people who fulfill the qualifications (match) of a state.
Multinational state
Country that contains more than one nation.
Autonomous region
Defined area in a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.
Stateless nation
Cultural groups that don’t have an independent political entity (land for themselves).
Multistate nation
Nation that has its own state but stretches across borders of other states.
Nationalism
A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own.
Centripetal forces
Forces that pull to the center.
Centrifugal forces
Forces that pull away from the center.
Imperialism
Ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.
Colonialism
People move into and settle on the land of another country.
Berlin Conference (Congo Conference) 1884
Meeting of major empires in Europe to form boundaries in Africa.
Decolonization
Colonial territories winning independence.
Neocolonialism
Economic, political, and cultural control over developing countries through indirect means.
Genocide
Organized killing motivated by race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality.
Cold War
(1945-1991) Diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the U.S and the U.S.S.R.
Satellite state
Types of states that are politically and economically dominated by another state.
Ethnic cleansing
Forced removal of a minority ethnic group from a territory.
Geopolitics
Study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states.
Territoriality
Willingness by one or a group of people to defend space they claim.
Organic Theory
States are born and require nourishment and living space to survive. A state either has to grow or it’ll cease to exist.
Heartland Theory
Land-based power is essential in achieving global domination.
Rimland Theory
Power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas around the world. (Connected with the sea).
Defined boundary
Invisible line established by a legal document (treaty). Separates one entity from another.
Delimited boundary
Line drawn on a map to show limits of a space.
Demarcated boundary
Identified by physical objects on the landscape.
Natural boundary
Physical boundaries (that are a part of nature) to seperate entities.
Geometric boundary
Straight line drawn by people that doesn’t follow any physical features.
Cultural boundary
Based on human traits of behavior.
Antecedent boundary
Boundary that existed before a large population.
Subsequent boundary
(Ethnographic) Boundary to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences.
Relic boundary
Boundary that no longer exists, but its presence is still felt on the landscape.
Superimposed boundary
A boundary drawn by outside powers.
Militarized boundary
Boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.
Open boundary
Boundary where crossing is unrestricted.
Definitional boundary
(Position) Dispute - Parties disagree on interpreting legal documents/maps that identify the boundary.
Locational boundary
(Territorial) Dispute - center on where a boundary should be.
Irredentism
One country wants to annex territory in another due to ties to a part of the population that lives there.
Operational boundary
(Function) Focuses on how a boundary functions.
Allocational boundary
(Resource) Boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries.
The United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
Laws that defined four zones in the sea - Territorial sea, Contiguous zone, Exclusive economic zone, High seas.
Territorial sea
12 nautical miles of sovereignty. Commercial vessels can pass but non-commercial vessels can be challenged.
Contiguous zone
24 nautical miles of limited sovereignty. States can enforce their own laws in customs, immigration, and sanitation.
Exclusive Economic Zone
200 nautical miles of exploring, extracting minerals, and managing.
High seas
Water beyond EEZs. Open to all states. (International waters)
Electorate
(At a national, state/provincial, and local scale) Elected officials who designate to defined districts with distinct boundaries.
Census
A count of the population every 10 years.
Reapportionment
Changing the number of representatives granted each state so it reflects the state’s population.
Redistricting
State legislatures redraw district boundaries so each district contains roughly the same amount of people.
Gerrymandering
Drawing boundaries for political districts by the party or power to gain an advantage.
Cracking
Splitting a group into several districts to prevent a majority.
Packing
Combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other regions.
Stacking
Diluting a minority populated district with majority populations.
Hijacking
Redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other.
Kidnapping
Moving an area where ar elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support.
Shatterbelt
Region that suffers from being located between two very different regions.
Unitary state
Primarily held by one central government, no regional authorities. Commonly used in countries with few cultural differences and small minorities.
Federal state
The power is shared between the central, state, and local governments. Most commonly used in countries with multi ethnic groups and significant minorities.
Morphology
A state’s shape.
Compact state
The center of the state is almost equidistant to all the boundaries of the state.
Elongated state
“Long” states. Much longer in one direction than the other.
Prorupted state
A state with a primary body of territory that makes up most of the state, but also has a long extension of land.
Perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another state.
Fragmented state
State with islands scattered from the core.
Annexation
Legally adding territory to a city.
Networks
Set of interconnected entities (nodes), without a center or hierarchy.
Globalization
Uniting of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale.
Supranationalism
Organization of multiple countries for greater benefit of all of them.
Transnational corporation
Companies that conduct business on a global scale.
Economy of scale
Cost advantages of conducting economic activity on a large scale.
Horizontal integration
The merging two corporations with similar products or services.
Vertical integration
The merging of two corporations with different steps of production.
Supply Chain
Network of companies around the world that produce, transport, and distribute a final product.
Devolution
Transfer of political power from the central government to the subnational levels of government. (Regional)
Terrorism
Organized violence aimed at governments or civilians in order to create fear in political aims.
Autonomous region
States with their own local and legislative bodies to govern and its population is an ethnic minority within the entire country.
Subnationalism
When people who are allied with a traditional group or ethnicity rather than the state they are in.
Balkanization
Breaking of a state or region into smaller units through conflict in ethnicities.
Democratization
Transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics.
Time-space compression
Social and psychological effects of faster movement of information over space in a shorter period of time.
Regionalism
Belief or practice of regional administrative systems rather than central systems.
Nationalism
Feeling of patriotism and loyalty to your country.
Homogeneous
Population that shares common traits.
