EO2 - Chapters 3,4,5 Flashcards
Population distribution
Population density
Measure of average population per square mile or kilometer.
Midlatitudes
Areas with the most people living. Between 30 degrees North and 60 degrees North, and 30 degrees South and 60 degrees South.
Social stratification
Hierarchical division of people based on economic status, power, ethnicity, or religion.
Arithmetic population density
Region’s total population divided by its total area.
Physiological population density
Population divided by arable land.
Arable land
Land suitable for growing crops.
Carrying capacity
Population an area can support without environmental deterioration.
Agricultural population density
Compares the number of farmers to area of arable land.
Redistricting
Drawing electoral district boundaries.
Overpopulation
An area having more people that it can support.
Age-sex composition graph, Population pyramid
A graph showing the distribution of a population by age and sex.
Cohorts
Age groups.
Birth deficit
Slowdown of births.
Baby boom
Significant increase in birth rates.
Baby bust
Period of time after the boom and until boomers reach a child-bearing age. Births are lower for those years.
Echo
An earlier significant increase, or a bulge in the pyramid during a baby boom.
Dependency ratio
Value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of a population.
(Potential workforce/dependent population)
Potential workforce
Ages 15-64. Group expected to be society’s labor force.
Dependent population
Ages under 15 or over 64. Considered too young or old to work full-time.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of live births per year for every 1000 people.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Average number of children born per woman in her childbearing years (15-49).
Anti-natalist policies
Programs to decrease the number of births.
Pro-natalist policies
Programs to increase the fertility rate.
Life expectancy
Number of years the average person will live.
Infant mortality rate
Number of children who die before reaching 1 years old.
Demographic Transition Model
A model showing five typical stages of population change that countries undergo as they modernize.
Expansive population pyramid
Pyramid with high birth rates (causing a wide base) and low life expectancy (causing narrowing at the top).
Stationary population pyramid
Pyramid that shows a country isn’t significantly growing or shrinking.
Crude death rate (CDR)
Number of deaths per year for every 1000 people.
Rate of natural increase (RNI)
Percentage of a country’s population is growing or declining. (Without accounting migration).
RNI = (CBR - CDR) / 10
Immigrants
Number of people who moved into the country.
Emigrants
Number of people who moved out of the country.
Demographic Balancing Equation
Calculating a country’s total population change.
Total Population Change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants.
Epidemiological Transition Model
Describes changing population patterns in terms of diseases.
Malthusian theory
World’s population was growing faster than the rate of food production, so soon mass starvation would occur.
Neo-Malthusians
Adapting Malthus’ ideas, they argue overpopulation is a serious problem, and an even greater threat for the future.
Migration
Permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.
Voluntary migration
People moving by choice, usually in search of a better life.
Push factors
Negative circumstances, conditions, and events present where people live.
Pull factors
A destination’s positive circumstances and conditions.
Asylum
Protection from danger people face in their home country.
Intervening obstacles
Barriers making the move to people’s final destination harder.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Eight patterns, or “laws” about migration tendencies, patterns, and demographics.
Distance decay
The further two places are, the less likely a person is to migrate between them.
Gravity model of migration
The movement of people between two places is based on factors of population size and distance
Step migration
Migrants reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves.
Counter migration
The return of migrants to the regions that they earlier emigrated from.
Return Migration
Immigrants moving back to their former home.
Guest worker
Moving outside of your country for work.
Forced migration
Movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under the threat of violence.
Internally displaced person (IDP)
Person forced to migrate but hasn’t crossed an international border.
Refugees
People that have fled their country and seek asylum in another country.
Chain migration
People move to communities where relatives or friends have previously migrated to.
Ethnic enclaves
Neighborhoods filled with mostly people of the same ethnic group.
Xenophobia
Strong dislike for people practicing another culture.
Brain drain
Migration out of a country where the migrants highly skilled people.
Remittances
Money immigrants send back to their family and friends in the country they left.
