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BMSC 200 > Enzymes (Chapter 6) > Flashcards

Enzymes (Chapter 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What Vitalism?

A

The belief that living things are different from non-living things because they contain some non-physical element

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2
Q

How do Enzymes contribute to Human Health?

A
  • Causes of diseases:
    Gain or loss or change of a function of an enzyme

-Therapeutic targets:
Target the activity of specific enzymes

-Indicators of Disease:
Biomarkers to inform disease susceptibility, prognosis and treatments

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3
Q

What is Proteolysis?

A

Hydrolysis of a peptide bond

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4
Q

The _______ of an enzyme is due to the ______ of the ______ with the ______

A

Specificity
Precise interaction
Substrate
Enzyme

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5
Q

_______ is from the ______ of the enzyme

A

Precision

3D Structure

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6
Q

What are the 6 Major classes of Enzymes?

A 
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lysases
Isomerases
Ligases
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7
Q

The Transfer of electrons between molecules

A

Oxidoreductases

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8
Q

Transfer functional groups between molecules

A

Transferases

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9
Q

Cleaves molecules with water and transfers functional groups to water

A

Hydrolases

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10
Q

Adds atoms or Functional groups to a double bond or removes them to form a double bond

A

Lysases

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11
Q

Move Functional groups within a molecule to make isomeric forms

A

Isomerases

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12
Q

Joins 2 molecules powered by ATP hydrolysis

A

Ligases

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13
Q 
C-C bond
C-S bond
C-O bond
C-N bond
are made by what?
A

Ligases by condensation coupled to ATP cleavage

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14
Q

Some enzymes alone are fully active. What do enzymes that aren’t fully active require?

A

Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes

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15
Q

What is a Co-Factor?

A

Inorganic ions

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16
Q

What is a Co-Enzyme?

A

Complex organic molecules

like vitamins

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17
Q

What is a Prosthetic Group?

A

The association of Co-Factors and Co-Enzymes with an enzyme

18
Q

What is the difference between the association of a Co-Factor and the association of a Co-Enzyme?

A

The degree of association

19
Q

Different enzymes that use the same co-enzyme will usually do what?

A

Perform the same type of reaction

20
Q

What do Catalysts do?

A

Lowers amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed

Speed up equilibrium

Recycled to participate in another reaction

21
Q

Why are enzymes better than Chemical Catalysts?

A

Speed: Enzymes are faster

Conditions: Function at certain physiological conditions, a lot simple conditions

Specificity: High Degree of specificity, including stereospecificty, more specific

Regulation: Many enzymes are responsive to the needs of the cell and organism

22
Q

What is the Circe Effect?

A

Some enzymes are able to catalyze reactions faster by diffusion control limits, enzymes are drawing the substrates towards them

23
Q

What reaction in the Circe Effect is called what?

A

Electrostatic Reactions

24
Q

______-_______=_______

A

Enzyme-cofactor=apoenzyme

25
Q

Free Energy changes provides information about what?

A

Spontaneity, not rate of reaction

26
Q

What do enzyme facilitate?

A

The formation of the transition state

27
Q

What alters the equilibrium of chemical reactions?

A

Free Energy Difference

28
Q

What is an Active site?

A

3D cleft formed from groups that come from different parts of the polypeptide chain

29
Q

Describe what an Active Site is and what occurs

A
  • Small compared to the rest of the enzyme
  • Unique Micro environments
  • Substrates bound to enzyme by multiple weak interactions
30
Q

In an Active Site, what does the Specificity of binding depend on and what types of binds occur?

A
  • Arrangement of atoms in the binding site

- Either induced fit or conformation selection

31
Q

What is the relationship between rate of reaction and activation energy?

A

Inverse and Exponential

32
Q

-ΔG

A

Spontaneous

Exergonic

33
Q

+ΔG

A

Non-Spontaneous

Endergonic

34
Q

ΔG=0

A

Equilibrium

35
Q

What increases the rate of reaction?

A

Enzymes

36
Q

What occurs during Substrate binding?

A
  • Reduces entropy (decrease freedom of rotation)
  • Removes water to expose reactive groups
  • Aligns reactive groups with substrate
  • Distortion of Substrate
  • Induced fitting
37
Q

What occurs during Transition State Stabilization?

A
  • Increase interaction
  • Stabilizes the Transition State
  • Enzyme distorts the substance forcing it toward transition state
  • Bind enzymes to the transition states
38
Q

What is a Transition state analog?

A

Stable compounds whose structures resembles unstable transition states

39
Q

What is the Chemical Effect?

A

Enzymes can act upon substrate to promote formation of the product

40
Q

What must an enzyme have during the Chemical Effect?

A

Polar, ionizable side chains, also anions and cations of amino acids

41
Q

What occurs during Acid/Base Catalysis?

A

Reaction acceleration by transfer of a proton, often Histidine

42
Q

What occurs during Covalent Catalysis?

A

Forms covalent link to enzyme

Regenerate the original enzyme

BMSC 200 (6 decks)

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