Enzymes and metabolism Flashcards
What does Catabolic mean?
To “break down” large molecules into smaller ones. Ex; glycogen breaks down into individual glucose molecules.
What does Anabolic mean?
To “build up” large molecules using smaller ones. Ex; taking nucleotides and linking them together to make DNA
What is the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic?
EXergonic is reactions that release energy. ENDERgonic are reactions that require energy.
What are enzymes used for?
They are used to lower the activation energy in order to speed up a reaction.
3 major classes of metabolic reactions?
Hydration/Dehydration. Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation. Oxidation/Reduction
What is the breaking of polymers into monomers by adding H2O?
Hydrolysis Ex: A-B+H2O===A-OH+B-H
What is Dehydration?
The removing of H2O to join monomers into polymers. Ex; A-OH+B-H===A-B+H2O
What is the idea of Phosphorylation?
Adding an inorganic phosphate group.
What is removing an inorganic phosphate group?
Dephosphorylation
What is Kinase?
Its an enzyme that adds a Phosphate group to any molecule. Used in phosphorylation
How do enzymes speed up reaction rates?
They bind to their substrates and bring them into the best position for the reaction to start.
What would happen to our reactions if we didn’t have enzymes?
They would take a very long time to initiate. We would rely on random collisions between substrate molecules.
What happens in an Oxidation/reduction (Redox) reactions?
Electrons are transferred. The reactions are also coupled, one is oxidized and one is reduced.
What type of atom is transferred around in Redox reactions?
H atoms. (NOT H+)
What are some coenzymes?
NAD, NADH, FAD, FADH2
In Redox reactions, what acts as a temporary carrier for H atoms and their electrons?
Coenzymes
What is the energy captured from oxidation of substrates used to produce?
ATP (ADP+Pi==ATP)
what are the functional properties of enzymes?
- They are substrate specific
- They are sensitive to Temp and pH
- Reaction rate depends on Saturation [ ]
- Covalent Regulation
What is effected when the temp and pH changes in an enzyme?
The tertiary structure of the protein. It effects its R groups.
In enzymes, what does the reaction rate depend on?
the concentration of the substrate.
the reaction rate of enzymes is limited by…?
The number of available electrons. (available buses)
Where does the substrate bind on an enzyme?
Active site
A molecule that gains electrons?
Is reduced
A molecule that looses electrons?
Is oxidized
