Enzymes

Question 1

Enzyme + type of protein

Answer 1

Biological catalysts that interact with substrate molecules to facilitate reactions.
Globular proteins

Question 2

Substrate

Answer 2

A substance used or acted on by another process or substance.
A reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Complementary to the active site

Question 3

Product

Answer 3

The final substance formed from the reaction facilitated by the enzyme.

Question 4

Why are enzymes necessary to life

Answer 4

Enzymes help catalyze important reactions in metabolic pathways essential for life.

Question 5

Anabolic reactions

Answer 5

Reactions that require energy that form larger, more complex molecules from smaller molecules.

Question 6

Catabolic reactions

Answer 6

The breaking apart of molecules into smaller molecules to release energy

Question 7

Digestion

Answer 7

The breaking down of chemicals in the body to a form that can be absorbed and used.

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

The sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

Question 9

Intracellular enzyme

Answer 9

Enzymes that act within cells: very sensitive to factors of rate of reaction.

Question 10

Extracellular enzyme

Answer 10

Enzymes released from cells to break down these large (nutrient) molecules into smaller molecules that are taken in ie. for digestion.

Question 11

Examples of intracellular enzyme

Answer 11

Catalase

Question 12

Examples of extracellular enzyme

Answer 12

Amylase, Trypsin

Question 13

Substrate and Product of Catalase

Answer 13

Catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Question 14

Substrate and Product of Amylase

Answer 14

Amylose to Maltose

Question 15

Substrate and Product of Trypsin.

Answer 15

Proteins to smaller peptides

Question 16

Active site

Answer 16

Area of an enzyme with a shape complementary to a specific substrate, allowing the enzyme to bind with said substrate.

Question 17

Enzymes only work for one specific substrate as

Answer 17

The active site is specific to only the substrate that is complimentary to the enzyme’s active site.

Question 18

Lock and Key Hypothesis

Answer 18

Like a lock and a key, only a specific substrate will fit the active site of an enzyme.

Question 19

Induced-fit hypothesis

Answer 19

When a substrate molecule collides with an enzyme, if its composition is specifically correct, the shape of the enzyme’s Active Site will change so that the substrate fits into it and an Enzyme-Substrate Complex can form.

Question 20

The protein structures involved in making the shape of the active site

Answer 20

Tertiary structure

Question 21

Activation Energy

Answer 21

The energy required to initiate a reaction

Question 22

Rate of Reaction

Answer 22

The measure of how quickly it takes for an enzyme to convert all substrate into its products.

Question 23

Enzyme ____ Activation Energy

Answer 23

Reduces

Question 24

Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

Answer 24

Temperature
pH
Substrate Concentration
Enzyme Concentration

Question 25

Temperature and Enzymes

Answer 25

``` Higher temp= more kinetic energy More collisions of substrate and active site more ES complex formed After optimum, temperature effects 3o The active site is changed ```

Question 26

Temperature coefficient (Q10)

Answer 26

The measure of how much the r.o.r increases with a 10C temp. increase. Usually 2 for enzyme controlled reaction

Question 27

Explain why Siamese cats are white with black tails, ears, paws, and faces.

Answer 27

The black fur helps conserve more heat in the extremities and so allows for the optimum temperature for enzymes.

Question 28

Why are enzymes so sensitive to pH

Answer 28

A slight change affects H bonds/ R groups ie. ionic bonds in 3o

Question 29

Substrate conc. and Enymes

Answer 29

Higher substrate conc. means more chance of active sites colliding with substrates. More ES complexes formed Until all substrates turned into products/Vmax

Question 30

Enzyme conc. and Enzymes

Answer 30

Higher enzyme conc. means more active sites colliding with substrates (higher chance). More ES complexes formed Until Vmax

Question 31

Vmax

Answer 31

Maximum initial velocity/rate of reaction of an enzyme

Question 32

co-factor/co-enzyme

Answer 32

Non-protein components that are necessary for the effective functioning of an enzyme.

Question 33

prosthetic group

Answer 33

Non-protein (metal ion) component of a conjugated protein.

Question 34

Enzyme inhibitor

Answer 34

Reduce the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by interfering with the enzyme in some way. This effect may be permanent or temporary.

Question 35

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 35

An inhibitor that competes with substrates to bind to an active site. Still makes sure enzymes are re-usable so it does not affect V max. reversible inhibitor

Question 36

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 36

An inhibitor that binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme, changing the shape of the active site. Affects overall v-max. Irreversible enzyme as the change of enzyme active site cannot be reversed

Question 37

Allosteric site

Answer 37

A site that allows molecules to inhibit enzyme activity by changing its active site shape. It's different than the active site on an enzyme, where substrates bind.

Question 38

End Product Inhibition

Answer 38

The product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme required for the reaction.