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Biology > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalyst that speed up metabolic reaction

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2
Q

How does enzyme work?

A

It lowers activation energy

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3
Q

What happens when an Enzyme and substrate fits in active site?

A

An enzyme- substr complex is formed. Enzyme and substrate interact with bonds forming between some of the aa of enzyme and parts of substr mol
Reaction changes substrate- becomes enzyme-product complex- products no longer fit active site and are released.

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4
Q

What is Anabolism + Catabolism?

A

A: building up of mol
C: breakdown of mol

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5
Q

Describe enzyme specificity:

A

Each enzyme is specific to a particular substrate- only one substrate is an exact fit for active site

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6
Q

Describe Lock and Key concept:

A

Enzyme active site is the exact match to shape of substrate i.e the 2 are complementary shapes

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7
Q

Describe Induced Fit

A

Active site of enzyme very closely matches the shape of the substrate

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8
Q

How does Induced Fit work?

A

Active site can mould itself around substrate forming a precise fit.
It is flex as it changes shape to fit substrate as enzyme puts pressure on substr breaking particular bonds and lowers activ en

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9
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non-protein substance enz require to function

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10
Q

Give an example of a cofactor and how it works?

A

Fe3+- Forms attachements to enzyme
Changes shape of a.s enabling reaction to take place

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11
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

Another type of cofactor i.e haem

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12
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Non-protein organic mol necessary for enzyme action- not perm attached

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13
Q

Why does ROR increase as substr conc increases?

A

More active sites occupied and substr availability limiting ROR w some a.s unused

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14
Q

Why does the add of extra substr have no effect? What limits ROR here?

A

All a.s in use.
No. enz active sites limits ROR

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15
Q

Why does ROR increase as enz conc increases?

A

ROR increases as more enzyme and active sites become avail- more E-S complexes form and reactions take place

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16
Q

Why does enz act level off despite enz conc increasing?

A

No. substr mol become limiting

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17
Q

How does temp increase ROR for enzyme?

A

Increase temp gives E and S more ke so they move faster and the possibility of collisions between E and S increases and formation of enzyme-substrate complexes occurs

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18
Q

What happens above the optimum temp?

A

The increased temp means the weak hydrogen bonds break and the shape of the enzyme and active site changes
Enzyme ceases to function- becomes denatured which is perm and irreversible

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19
Q

How does change in pH effect enz activity?

A

either side of optimum pH there is a reduction in activity.
There is a disruption in ionic bonds important in determining protein shape
The further the pH is away from the optimum, the greater the degree of disruption to bonding which leads to denaturation.

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20
Q

How does a comp inhibitor work?

A

Inhibitor subst competes with usual substr for a.s- very similar in shape

21
Q

How does a non-comp inhibitor work?

A

Inhib attaches itself to part of the enzyme other than the a.s
Leads to a.s changing shape so no longer compl. to substr mol

22
Q

What is an allosteric enz?

A

Enz w sec site where (non-substr) mol can attach

23
Q

What is a reversible inhib?

A

When inhib removed enz can op as normal

24
Q

What is irreversible inhib?

A

Effects cannot be reversed and enzyme is perm damaged occuring thru weakening/ breaking bonds in determining 3-D shape of enz (in partic. the acitve site)

25
Q

What is elastin?

A

Enzyme released by WBC because of a lung infection

26
Q

How does elastin work?

A

Breaks down bacterial pathogens and is part of an immune resp
And helps lung tissue stretch and recoil

27
Q

What does elastase do?

A

Breaks down protein elastin which is an important component of lung tissue that contributes to elasticity of alveoli

28
Q

What does A1AT do?

A

Prev elastase activity after infection cleared so prev breakdown of elastin

29
Q

What does cig smoke cause?

A

Causes too much elastase to be rel in lungs and not enough A1AT to prev elastin in alveoli to be broken down

30
Q

What could this lead to?

A

Elastase-induced emphysema

31
Q

State the key 2 features of enz inhib as therapeutic drugs?

A

Must be
1: Specific- only target enz inv in disease progression ( and not normal metabolic pathways)
2: Able to work at low doses- prevents the build up of inhibitors to levels which may be toxic

32
Q

Function of A1AT:

A

used medically to reduce the harmful effects arising from lung infection

33
Q

Function of ACE:

A

inhib. can be used to treat high blood pressure
Works by inhibiting enzyme that causes constr of b.v- so reduces the constriction of b.v which reduces b.p

34
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

Inhibits enzyme inv in cell wall formation in bacteria

35
Q

What do some antiviral drugs do?

A

Inhibit DNA/RNA polymerases essential in viral replication

36
Q

What is being done in current research?

A

Trying to work out shape of active sites as some enz inv in dis prog thru modelling develops inhibitors w coml shape to block a.s

37
Q

What is adsorption?

A

Enzymes attached by weak forces to inert subst i.e glass/matrix

38
Q

What is entrapment?

A

Enzyme trapped within polymers such as alginate beads/ microspheres

39
Q

What is encapsulation?

A

Enzyme trapped inside spm i.e nylon

40
Q

What is cross-linkage?

A

Enzyme bonded covalently to a matrix such as cellulose as a conseq of chem r

41
Q

What are 2 disadv of enzyme immob?

A

Gels/ mat inv in some types of immob reduces speed of diffusion between enzyme and substrate
Immob process may also hold some enz in physical pos that makes some of enzyme active sites inaccessible

42
Q

What are the adv of adsorption?

A

Rel straightforward and inexpensive
S and pr do not have to diffuse thru gel barrier to reach/leave enzyme as has to happen with entrapment

43
Q

What are the disadv of adsorption?

A

Enzymes are easily washed away from adsorptive material
Some enz a.s are inaccessible as part of enz. attached to glass

44
Q

What are several adv of enz immob?

A

Thermostable- remain stable and more effective over a wide range of temp
Enz more res to changes in pH
Enz can be retained/ reused
Comm. process can be continuous- faster and produces less wastage
No contam of end pr w enz- simplying downstr process - reducing purification costs - avoids poss allergic r

45
Q

How do diagnostic reagent strips work?

A

Mol. mon reacts w immob enz and there is a colour change i.e gluc mon strips/ preg tests

46
Q

How do preg tests work?

A

Antibodies in test strip r. w. spec proteins (hormones) to give a pos. test (horm increase bc of preg)

47
Q

How are enz inhib used in diagnostic test strips?

A

Inhib are attached to diag strips and as patient sample added enz mon captured by a.s on diag strip to give a pos read out.

48
Q

Which health conditions does this help?

A

I.d. cond. i.e CVD disorders and pre-eclampsia

Biology (7 decks)

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