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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of histones?

A

Helps support and protect DNA

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2
Q

Heterochromatin vs Euchromatin

A

Densely packed vs not densely packed

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Contains DNA -> rRna- makes ribosomes essential in the process of protein synth

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4
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

Codes for protein synthesis in cytoplasm. Isolates chr from the rest of cytoplasm protects DNA

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5
Q

What is achieved by presence of nuclear pores?

A

DNA code for prot synth taken from safety of nucleus to cytoplasm where it takes place

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6
Q

What is found on the outer membr of nuclear env?

A

Encrusted w ribosomes and is site of orig for RER

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7
Q

What carries gen code from DNA and how does it pass thru nuclear pores?

A

mRNA- passes thru nuclear pores to cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Provides scaffolding for ribosomes to make prot and ER operates as distr network for proteins

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9
Q

What facilitates the transp of mRNA?

A

ER is joined with nuclear env fac transp of mRNA which carries gen code from nucl to ribosomes

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10
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Synth of lipids e/g phospholipids

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11
Q

What are the 2 poss locations of ribosomes?

A

Free in cytoplasm/ attached outer surf of ER

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12
Q

What does each ribosome have?

A

Each one has a large and small sub-unit made of protein and rRNA

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13
Q

What is the G.A?

A

Series of curved flattened sacs (cisternae)

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14
Q

What do the vesicles in Golgi body do?

A

Vesicles containing newly synth proteins pinch off from RER and coalesce with forming convex edge of syst- usually edge closest to nucleus

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15
Q

How may proteins be mod in G. body?

A

May have carb added to form glycoprot
Lipids may be added to form lipoprot
May have prosthetic group/ cofactors added
Dif pp joined together to form protein w quaternary str
They can be labelled packaged or sorted

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16
Q

What happens to vesicle once prot is modified?

A

Vesicles cont final protein are pinched ff from maturing concave face (usually side furthest away from nucleus)

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17
Q

What is the function of the final vesicles?

A

Transp protein either within cell/ fuse with cell surf membr to release contents outside the cell

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18
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Tiny vesicles, formed by GA

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19
Q

What do lysosomes contain and what do these do?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes fuse with other vesicles in cell that cont something to be destroyed/ digested e.g cell debris

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20
Q

Why do lysosomes have an important role in phagocytes>

A

They digest engulfed bacteria enclosed in a phagosome

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21
Q

How are mitochondria enclosed?

A

In double membr

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22
Q

How is mitochond inner membr folded?

A

Folded to form cristae that extend into matrix of mit

23
Q

What do cristae do?

A

Increase sa which increases no. enzymes that can be embedded within the membr

24
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP synth during aerobic resp

25
Q

How are the cristae dif in more active cells>

A

More of them and they are more deeply folded

26
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow cylinder fibres formed from tubulin that form cytoskeleton

27
Q

What is function of spindle fibres?

A

imp in movement of chr during mitosis and meiosis and are formed of microtubules

28
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Inv in assmbley of spindle fibres during cell div formed of microtubules and also important constit of cilia and flagella

29
Q

What do animal cells not have that plant cells do?

A

Lysosomes and Centrioles

30
Q

What is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

Made up of polysacc cellulose which is laid down as microfibrils- consists of many cel mol cross linked to each other

31
Q

Describe the primary c.w

A

Many microfibrils orientated in dif and random dir
Rel loose arrangement of microfib allows c.w to expand as cell grows

32
Q

Descr sec cell wall

A

When cell reaches full size, add layers of cel can be dep to form sec c.w
In sec cw each layer of microfib or in same dir
However, add layers or in dif dir to other layers

33
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

Cell walls of adj cells linked by middle lamella- largely made up of polysacc pectin

34
Q

How does calcium pectin work?

A

Forms a gel/cement that acts as an adhesive and holds neighbouring cells together

34
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Strands of cytoplasm that ext between neighbouring plant cells

35
Q

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

A

Prov gap in cw of adj cells that enable dif kinds of mol to pass thru

36
Q

What are chloroplasts surrounded by?

A

Surr by double membr/env which encloses stroma

37
Q

What is found within stroma? What is found within these?

A

Thylakoids- arranged in stacks called grana
Contain chlorophyll

38
Q

What is function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of phs- located in palisade cell of leaves

39
Q

What is cell wall of fungal cells made of?

A

Made of glycoprotein chitin

40
Q

What acts as storage in fungal cells?

A

Glycogen

41
Q

What do fungal cells have in common w animal cells?

A

SER,RER, nucl, vac, gly, granules and mitochondria

42
Q

What do all viruses have in common?

A

They all have a protein coat (caspid) that surrounds nucleic acid- DNA/ RNA

43
Q

How are bacteriophage proteins formed?

A

Inside host cells viral DNA codes for prod of new proteins for new protein coats
DNA itself replicates to make copies then packaged within protein coats, forming new viruses
Bact cells destroyed and ruptures and many new viruses released to cont cycle

44
Q

Descr the structure of HIV:

A

RNA core and typical protein coat and lipid bilayer containing glycoprotein

45
Q

What do HIV viruses deliver?

A

Deliver RNA to host cell together with enzyme reverse transcriptase

46
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A

Catalyses synth of DNA from RNA

47
Q

How does DNA make new viruses in HIV?

A

Synth new protein coats and viral RNA

48
Q

Why are retroviruses known as retroviruses?

A

Viral RNA used as template to make DNA. This is reverse of normal transcr. process where DNA is used to make mRNA as protein synth

49
Q

In humans what does HIV invade?

A

Invades a type of lymphocyte called helper T cells

50
Q

What happens as more T cells destroyed?

A

Immune syst crit compr- AIDS

51
Q

Why are viruses not true cells?

A

NO cytoplasm or organelles assoc w it
Viruses inert unless they gain access to a living cell

52
Q

What are the sim in HIV and Bact?

A

Both v. small and non-cellular
Contains genetic material within a protein coat

53
Q

What are the dif between HIV and Bact?

A

Dif shape and phages have tail fibres attached to a base plate- Tail fibres imp in attaching virus to bact plates
In HIV protein coat/ head is within a phospholipid bilayer (no lipid bilayer in phages)
Glycoprotein present in HIV, not phages
Bacteriophages normally cont DNA vs HIV: RNA
HIV cont reverse transcriptase (norm not in phages)

Biology (7 decks)

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