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Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

NO-3

A

N in amino group of aa and org bases of nucleotides prod in plants

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2
Q

SO2-4

A

S in R group of aa cysteine

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3
Q

PO3-4

A

Imp in ATP, nucleotides and nucleic acids i.e phospholipids

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4
Q

CA2+

A

Calcium pectate- middle lamella of plant cw

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5
Q

Mg2+

A

Chlorophyll mol, middle lamella of plant cw

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6
Q

Fe3+

A

In haem mol

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7
Q

How is a disacc formed?

A

2 hexose sugars via cond r ( 2 mol joined and 1 released)

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8
Q

How is a polysacc formed?

A

Many hexose sugars linked by cond r

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9
Q

How are disacc and polysacc rel?

A

Via hydrolysis

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10
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

a-glucose + fructose

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11
Q

How is maltose made?

A

a-gluc + a-gluc

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12
Q

How is glucose well adapted as a storage mol?

A

Many gluc mol can be stored in a cell (amylose mol coiled and compact)
Readily hydrolysed to rel gluc mol (esp amylopectin and glycogen branched so many term ends on which hydrolytic enz can act)
Insoluble and so cannot move out of cells
Osmotically inert

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13
Q

How is cellulose formed?

A

Many B-gluc mol bond to prod polysacc cellulose- straight chain

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14
Q

How are microfibrils formed?

A

Adj. cell mol are linked by H2 bonds and grouped together to form these
Each one consists of hundreds of cellulose mol and is a str of immense tensile strength

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15
Q

Amylose

A

a-glucose monomer
a-1,4 glyc bonds
Unbranched, helical mol
Found in starch grains in living pl. c
Function as store of glucose

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16
Q

Amylopectin

A

a-gluc
contains a-1,4 and a-1,6 24-30 gl units
Branched hel mol
Found in starch grains in living pl. c
Store of glucose (en)

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

a-gluc
a-1,4 and a-1,6 8-10 gl units
Branched Helical mol
Found in granules in liver and muscle cells of mammal
Store of glucose (en)

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

B-gluc
B-1,4
Straight chains cross linked to parallel chains
Found in cell walls of plant cells
Functions to provide str support to plant cell

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19
Q

SSS=

A

Single bonds, Saturated, Solid

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20
Q

DUL=

A

Double bonds, Unsat, Liquid

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21
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of?

A

Glycerol mol bonded by cond r to 3 f.a

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22
Q

What bond is formed in a triglyceride?

A

Ester Bond

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23
Q

What are fats important in?

A

Thermal ins layer in mammals since pooor heat conductors
Buoyancy in marine mammals such as dolphins and whales
Cushioning layer around and therefore protection to internal organs i.e kidneys
Water when resp metabolic water

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24
Q

What do phospholipids consist of?

A

2 fatty acid residues
Phosphate group
Glycerol phosphate head

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25
Q

What does an amino acid consist of?

A

Amino group
Carbox group
R group
H atom

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26
Q

How are aa bonded together?

A

Dipeptide bonds

27
Q

How are aa linked?

A

Covalent peptide bonds

28
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Many aa peptide bonded together

29
Q

What is the prim str?

A

Seq of aa in chain
Amino group at one end and carboxyl group at the other

30
Q

What is the sec str?

A

a-helix and B-pleated sheet
Str held in place by H2 bonds between pept links in adjacent parts of chain

31
Q

What is tert str?

A

When protein folds over on itself in a precise way to prod a specific 3D shape due to interactions between free R-groups of aa

32
Q

What bonds are present in tert str?

A

H2
Ionic
Disulfide bridges
Hydrophobic Int

33
Q

What is quaternary str?

A

2/more pp chains bonded together

34
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin?

A

Globular Protein

35
Q

What is it made up of?

A

4pp- 2 a chains
2 B chains

36
Q

What does each pp have?

A

Each pp has Fe cont haem group important in transp O2

37
Q

How is oxyhaem formed?

A

An O2 mol can associate w haem to form haemoglobin

38
Q

What type of protein is collagen?

A

Fibrous protein with 3 sim pp chains coiled round each other and held together by H2 bonds

39
Q

What are collagen mol bonded to form?

A

Bonded to form strong fibres in skin, tendons and ligaments

40
Q

What do conj proteins have?

A

Have non-protein part attached- prosthetic group

41
Q

What are prions?

A

Malformed proteins that cause TSE diseases

42
Q

What does this cause?

A

Brain tissues become spongy with holes where there used to be groups of neurons

43
Q

What disease is caused in humans, cows and sheep?

A

Sheep: scrapie
Cow: BSE
Human: CJD

44
Q

What does the disease inv?

A

Inv replacement of PrPc located on brain and spinal cord to PrPsc

45
Q

How does the sec str be altered?

A

Normal protein has a-sheets but prion is rich in B-sheets

46
Q

What does the transf of normal pr set up?

A

Sets up chain r. leads to prog acc of prion proteins on neurone surf causing neurone degen and cell death

47
Q

Descr how is arises in relation to transm?

A

Infected food, via open wound exposed to env/ med procedure involving infected material

48
Q

Inheritance

A

Gene mutation during meiosis of egg or sperm cell. Yrs later prion dis results when sufficient number of neurones damaged

49
Q

Sporadically

A

PrPc spontatneously tranferred to PrPsc. Sporadic if no ev of inh/ transm via ext source

50
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

subunit of nucl acids

51
Q

What is nucleotide made up of?

A

Pentose sugar- deoxyr/ rib
Nitrogeneous base- A,C,G,T (deoxyr only) OR U ( ribose only)
Phosphate group

52
Q

What is deoxyribonucl made up of?

A

Deoxyribose Sugar
a,g,c,t
DNA

53
Q

What is ribonucl made up of?

A

Ribose
A,G,C,U
RNA

54
Q

How are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

Nucleotides are joined by cond r

55
Q

What shape is DNA mol?

A

Double helix- contains 2 antiparallel strands to each other
Hydrogen bonds between strands increases stability

56
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A

DNA has deoxyribonucl vs RNA: ribonucl
DNA: V long vs RNA: Rel short
Strands: DNA: double stranded vs RNA: single stranded
Base Pairing: DNA: A and T, G and C
RNA: No BP

57
Q

What is semi- conservative replication?

A

a molecule contains one original strand in addition to a new strand (each strand acts as a template for synth of new str)

58
Q

State Step 1 of DNA rep

A

1: Enzyme DNA helicase breaks H2 bonds holding bp together and unzips part of DNA double helix revealing 2 strands

59
Q

State step 2 of DNA rep

A

Enz DNA polymerase moves along each str, acts as a template for synth of new str

60
Q

State step 3 of DNA rep

A

Dna polymerase catalyses joining of free deoxyribonucl to each of exp strands acc to b[ rules as new compl strands form

61
Q

State step 4 of DNA rep

A

Process of unzipping and joining new nucl cont along whole l of DNA mol

62
Q

Gen 0

A

All heavy - 15N

63
Q

Gen 1

A

All intermediate- one heavy and one light (14N)

64
Q

Gen 2

A

50% intermed- Mix of 14N and 15N
50% light- all 14N

Biology (7 decks)

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