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Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

NO-3

A

N in amino group of aa and org bases of nucleotides prod in plants

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2
Q

SO2-4

A

S in R group of aa cysteine

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3
Q

PO3-4

A

Imp in ATP, nucleotides and nucleic acids i.e phospholipids

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4
Q

CA2+

A

Calcium pectate- middle lamella of plant cw

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5
Q

Mg2+

A

Chlorophyll mol, middle lamella of plant cw

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6
Q

Fe3+

A

In haem mol

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7
Q

How is a disacc formed?

A

2 hexose sugars via cond r ( 2 mol joined and 1 released)

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8
Q

How is a polysacc formed?

A

Many hexose sugars linked by cond r

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9
Q

How are disacc and polysacc rel?

A

Via hydrolysis

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10
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

a-glucose + fructose

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11
Q

How is maltose made?

A

a-gluc + a-gluc

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12
Q

How is glucose well adapted as a storage mol?

A

Many gluc mol can be stored in a cell (amylose mol coiled and compact)
Readily hydrolysed to rel gluc mol (esp amylopectin and glycogen branched so many term ends on which hydrolytic enz can act)
Insoluble and so cannot move out of cells
Osmotically inert

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13
Q

How is cellulose formed?

A

Many B-gluc mol bond to prod polysacc cellulose- straight chain

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14
Q

How are microfibrils formed?

A

Adj. cell mol are linked by H2 bonds and grouped together to form these
Each one consists of hundreds of cellulose mol and is a str of immense tensile strength

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15
Q

Amylose

A

a-glucose monomer
a-1,4 glyc bonds
Unbranched, helical mol
Found in starch grains in living pl. c
Function as store of glucose

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16
Q

Amylopectin

A

a-gluc
contains a-1,4 and a-1,6 24-30 gl units
Branched hel mol
Found in starch grains in living pl. c
Store of glucose (en)

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

a-gluc
a-1,4 and a-1,6 8-10 gl units
Branched Helical mol
Found in granules in liver and muscle cells of mammal
Store of glucose (en)

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

B-gluc
B-1,4
Straight chains cross linked to parallel chains
Found in cell walls of plant cells
Functions to provide str support to plant cell

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19
Q

SSS=

A

Single bonds, Saturated, Solid

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20
Q

DUL=

A

Double bonds, Unsat, Liquid

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21
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of?

A

Glycerol mol bonded by cond r to 3 f.a

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22
Q

What bond is formed in a triglyceride?

A

Ester Bond

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23
Q

What are fats important in?

A

Thermal ins layer in mammals since pooor heat conductors
Buoyancy in marine mammals such as dolphins and whales
Cushioning layer around and therefore protection to internal organs i.e kidneys
Water when resp metabolic water

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24
Q

What do phospholipids consist of?

A

2 fatty acid residues
Phosphate group
Glycerol phosphate head

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25
What does an amino acid consist of?
Amino group Carbox group R group H atom
26
How are aa bonded together?
Dipeptide bonds
27
How are aa linked?
Covalent peptide bonds
28
What is a polypeptide?
Many aa peptide bonded together
29
What is the prim str?
Seq of aa in chain Amino group at one end and carboxyl group at the other
30
What is the sec str?
a-helix and B-pleated sheet Str held in place by H2 bonds between pept links in adjacent parts of chain
31
What is tert str?
When protein folds over on itself in a precise way to prod a specific 3D shape due to interactions between free R-groups of aa
32
What bonds are present in tert str?
H2 Ionic Disulfide bridges Hydrophobic Int
33
What is quaternary str?
2/more pp chains bonded together
34
What type of protein is haemoglobin?
Globular Protein
35
What is it made up of?
4pp- 2 a chains 2 B chains
36
What does each pp have?
Each pp has Fe cont haem group important in transp O2
37
How is oxyhaem formed?
An O2 mol can associate w haem to form haemoglobin
38
What type of protein is collagen?
Fibrous protein with 3 sim pp chains coiled round each other and held together by H2 bonds
39
What are collagen mol bonded to form?
Bonded to form strong fibres in skin, tendons and ligaments
40
What do conj proteins have?
Have non-protein part attached- prosthetic group
41
What are prions?
Malformed proteins that cause TSE diseases
42
What does this cause?
Brain tissues become spongy with holes where there used to be groups of neurons
43
What disease is caused in humans, cows and sheep?
Sheep: scrapie Cow: BSE Human: CJD
44
What does the disease inv?
Inv replacement of PrPc located on brain and spinal cord to PrPsc
45
How does the sec str be altered?
Normal protein has a-sheets but prion is rich in B-sheets
46
What does the transf of normal pr set up?
Sets up chain r. leads to prog acc of prion proteins on neurone surf causing neurone degen and cell death
47
Descr how is arises in relation to transm?
Infected food, via open wound exposed to env/ med procedure involving infected material
48
Inheritance
Gene mutation during meiosis of egg or sperm cell. Yrs later prion dis results when sufficient number of neurones damaged
49
Sporadically
PrPc spontatneously tranferred to PrPsc. Sporadic if no ev of inh/ transm via ext source
50
What is a nucleotide?
subunit of nucl acids
51
What is nucleotide made up of?
Pentose sugar- deoxyr/ rib Nitrogeneous base- A,C,G,T (deoxyr only) OR U ( ribose only) Phosphate group
52
What is deoxyribonucl made up of?
Deoxyribose Sugar a,g,c,t DNA
53
What is ribonucl made up of?
Ribose A,G,C,U RNA
54
How are phosphodiester bonds formed?
Nucleotides are joined by cond r
55
What shape is DNA mol?
Double helix- contains 2 antiparallel strands to each other Hydrogen bonds between strands increases stability
56
Compare DNA and RNA
DNA has deoxyribonucl vs RNA: ribonucl DNA: V long vs RNA: Rel short Strands: DNA: double stranded vs RNA: single stranded Base Pairing: DNA: A and T, G and C RNA: No BP
57
What is semi- conservative replication?
a molecule contains one original strand in addition to a new strand (each strand acts as a template for synth of new str)
58
State Step 1 of DNA rep
1: Enzyme DNA helicase breaks H2 bonds holding bp together and unzips part of DNA double helix revealing 2 strands
59
State step 2 of DNA rep
Enz DNA polymerase moves along each str, acts as a template for synth of new str
60
State step 3 of DNA rep
Dna polymerase catalyses joining of free deoxyribonucl to each of exp strands acc to b[ rules as new compl strands form
61
State step 4 of DNA rep
Process of unzipping and joining new nucl cont along whole l of DNA mol
62
Gen 0
All heavy - 15N
63
Gen 1
All intermediate- one heavy and one light (14N)
64
Gen 2
50% intermed- Mix of 14N and 15N 50% light- all 14N

Biology (7 decks)

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