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evolution > envs lecture 4 > Flashcards

envs lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

adaptation

A

features that enhance survival/reproduction in its environment

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2
Q

how have these features evolved

A

via natural selection

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3
Q

darwin’s dangerous idea

A

idea that adaptive traits evolved via natural selection

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4
Q

what was the explanation for adaptive design prior to Darwin

A

supernatural omnipotent designer

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5
Q

what did darwin’s idea challenge

A

this supernatural designer

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6
Q

why was darwin’s idea dangerous

A

b/c it challenged the idea of a supernatural creator

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7
Q

what were the intricacies of adaptation attributed to prior to Darwin

A

goal oriented intelligent design

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8
Q

is adaptive evolution via natural selection goal oriented

A

no; it just happens

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9
Q

how does adaptive evolution via natural selection happen

A

via differential survival and reproduction of individuals that have traits that allow individuals to survive & reproduce, passing on genes to next gen

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10
Q

could darwin point to specific cases where evolutionary change in populations was observed

A

no; but today we can

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11
Q

today where can we cite examples of adaptive evolution

A

in morphology, physiology, behavior, etc.

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12
Q

examples of adaptive evolution

A

plants that live in arid environments have adaptations to reduce water loss

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13
Q

describe adaptations in these plants in arid environments

A

lack leaves, thick stems (photosynthesis); hairs that reflect light and reduce temp.

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14
Q

another example of adaptation

A

rapid adaptation of soapberry bugs ito introduced host plants

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15
Q

how do soapberry bugs eat

A

pierce seed pod to feed on the seeds

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16
Q

describes the plants in Texas and Florida

A

smaller in Florida, larger in Texas

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17
Q

how have soapberry bugs evolved in these states

A

longer beaks in Texas, shorter in Florida

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18
Q

another example of adaptive evolution

A

resistance of arthropod pests insecticides

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19
Q

example of adaptive evolution in nature

A

cryptic coloration

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20
Q

what is cryptic coloration

A

butterfly that mimics color of bark, green katydid that mimics color of leaf, etc. to help insect avoid predation

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21
Q

another example of adaptive evolution in nature

A

beach mice are lighter, allows them to match sand and hide from predators; inland form has more melanin

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22
Q

why do these mice have diff color patterns

A

single base pair change in coding region of mc1r gene

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23
Q

what is variation in mc1r gene lead to

A

effects on coloration of many organism’s plumage and pelage

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24
Q

describe selection and adaptation in the world of avian parasites

A

adaptation to their host’s background coloration (evolving coloration to help blend in w/ plumage of hosts)

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25
Q

what kinda parasites are avian chewing lice

A

permanent parasites

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26
Q

what are permanent parasites

A

live their entire life cycle on the host

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27
Q

what is chief mechanism that most hosts use to rid themselves of parasites

A

visual preening

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28
Q

what is visual preening

A

see parasites, then use their bill to remove them from plumage

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29
Q

what kinda lice do dark birds have (color wise)

A

dark lice

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30
Q

what kinda coloration do lice have

A

cryptic coloration

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31
Q

what are feather feeding lice adapted to

A

to color of their host’s plumage (adapt to host’s background color)

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32
Q

how do hosts defend themselves against parasites

A

by preening w/ bills

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33
Q

what does cryptic coloration allow

A

allows lice to hide from preening

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34
Q

what does host preening select for

A

cryptically colored lice

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35
Q

what did pigeons that could preen normally have more of

A

more cryptic than conspicuous lice at the end of experiment

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36
Q

are all traits adaptations

A

no

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37
Q

what are some traits if not adaptive

A

epiphenomena, vesitigal

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38
Q

epiphenomena

A

secondary products or incidental features

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39
Q

examples of epiphenomena

A

redness of blood in mammals (like in glass catfish, selection can act to make blood less colorful)

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40
Q

examples of vestigial traits

A

not used; like remnants of eyes in cave fish

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41
Q

what kind of trait is an incidental feature

A

redness of blood

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42
Q

is redness of blood nonadaptive

A

yeah

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43
Q

example of a nonadaptive trait being co-opted and serving an adaptive function

A

during aggressive displays chough shows red bulging eyes by increasing blood flow to eyes [uses nonadaptive property of red hemoglobin for adaptive function]

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44
Q

who introduced term exaptation

A

Stephen Jay Gould and Elizabeth Vrba

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45
Q

what term did exaptation replace

A

preadaptation

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46
Q

why did exaptation replace preadaptation

A

b/c preadaptation implies evolution has a direction

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47
Q

what is an exaptation

A

trait that evolved for one purpose but co-opted for another

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48
Q

another explanation for exaptation

A

feature that now enhances fitness but was not built by nat selection for its current role

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49
Q

does an exaptation always start from an adaptation

A

no; but often does

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50
Q

give example of exaptation starting from an adaptation

A

red eyes in chough (co-opted for a new use)

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51
Q

example of exaptation in puffin

A

wings; puffin uses its wing for flight and swimming, use in swimming is exaptation

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52
Q

what is puffin using wing to swim example of

A

exaptation

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53
Q

what was the old function of wings

A

to fly

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54
Q

what happened to the old function

A

removed; no more flight

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55
Q

what is the adaptive force driving its evolution

A

ability/need to swim

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56
Q

another avian exaptation

A

origin of feathers

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57
Q

what reason did feathers evolve

A

not rlly for flight; for display

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58
Q

one of most famous fossils in evo bio

A

archaeopteryx

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59
Q

what was archaeopteryx an example of

A

intermediate fossil/form

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60
Q

when was archaeopteryx form

A

2 yrs after 1859 (origin of species)

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61
Q

describe evolution of feathers

A

evolved for display, later co-opted for flight

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62
Q

what is flight

A

exaptation

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63
Q

what other purposes did feathers serve

A

probably a lot; thermoregulatory, etc.

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64
Q

what did archaeopteryx have

A

trousers

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65
Q

what did ‘trousers’ support

A

supported origin of feathers for function other than flight; like display

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66
Q

exaptation of feathers

A

feathers evolved for one purpose (maybe display or physiological), ultimately led to flight

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67
Q

what did early literature assume feathers evolved for

A

flight

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68
Q

why is the idea that feathers evolved for flight not true

A

feathers found in theropod dinosaurs had nothing to do w/ flight

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69
Q

other candidates for purpose of feather

A

insulation, camo, courtship, water-proofing

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70
Q

when did first feather emerge

A

after a tubular feather formed in a skin follicle, and proto feather led to adaptive advantage

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71
Q

how do we know feathers didn’t evolve for flight

A

found in early theropod dinosaurs

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72
Q

did feathers evolve from scales? or from where

A

no; evolved from skin

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73
Q

what does ontogeny do

A

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

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74
Q

did feathers evolve as adaptations for flight?

A

no; evolved for insulation, display, etc. then were adapted/modified for flight

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75
Q

what is needed for natural selection in a population

A

variation in phenotype, inheritance of phenotype, fitness differences among phenotyeps

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76
Q

rephrase inheritance of phenotype

A

basically phenotype has a genotype

77
Q

reword fitness differences

A

there is a phenotype/fitness correlation

78
Q

what happens within a generation if a population has these effects

A

some individuals will get more resources

79
Q

what happens between a generation if

A

some individuals have more offspring

80
Q

how does natural selection operate

A

only by differential reproductive success among genes and heritable individual phenotypes

81
Q

adaptedness

A

ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment

82
Q

what is cumulative product of nat selection

A

adaptedness

83
Q

what is adaptation

A

the process thru which adaptedness is acquired (genetic)

84
Q

what else is adaptation (noun)

A

characteristic that enhances survival and reproduction of organisms that bear it

85
Q

what is fitness

A

relative measure of reproductive success of individuals

86
Q

is it easy to measure fitness

A

no; hard to follow an organism over its life, may look at it over a few years, or annually, etc.

87
Q

differential fitness

A

genotype A has a fitness of 3, B has a fitness of 4 (higher fitness); genotype B grows more rapidly due to higher fitness –> more individuals in population have genotype B

88
Q

who overtakes who

A

B more quickly overtakes A (more fit)

89
Q

what do these graphs show

A

evolution; change in frequency/proportion of genotypes over time

90
Q

who described sexual selection

A

darwin

91
Q

what is sexual selection

A

differential mating success and thus reproductive success

92
Q

what does differential mating/reproductive success result from

A

either competition for mates or mate choice (female choice for traits in males)

93
Q

is fitness just as simple as nat selection and fitness in sexually reproducing organisms

A

no; more complicated

94
Q

what does sexual selection involve

A

differential mating success on account of 2 things: competition for mates, and mate choice

95
Q

does natural selection always cause evolution

A

no

96
Q

what else can cause evolution

A

genetic drift

97
Q

what is genetic drift

A

random fluctuations in genotypic frequencies within a population (can cause change in gene frequencies in population over time AKA evolution)

98
Q

neutral alleles

A

do not alter fitness and frequency of these allele changes via genetic drift

99
Q

are neutral alleles affected by nat selection?

A

not strongly; can undergo frequency changes only via genetic drift

100
Q

neutral/synonymous change

A

mutation in 3rd position; doesn’t change AA

101
Q

non-synonymous change

A

mutation in 2nd position –> changes AA

102
Q

is a non-synonymous change neutral allele

A

no

103
Q

natural selection

A

differences in fitness among phenotypically and genotypically different individuals within a population

104
Q

genic selection

A

natural selection acting at level of gene

105
Q

example of genic selection

A

selfish genetic elements; transposable elements

106
Q

what can selection act on

A

genes, cell types, individual organisms, populations, species

107
Q

what will natural selection cause an allele to increase in frequency

A

if it leaves more copies of itself in subsequent generations

108
Q

does natural selection work on individuals, populations, species

A

selection acts on individuals, changes things in species

109
Q

what are selfish genes

A

transposable elements

110
Q

transposons

A

self-replicating DNA sequences

111
Q

another word for transposons

A

jumping genes

112
Q

who discovered transposons

A

barbara mcclintock

113
Q

what do transposons do

A

transpose form copy site to other places in genome

114
Q

are transposons highly conserved

A

yeah; even tho initially considered junk DNA

115
Q

what causes majority of mutations

A

transposons

116
Q

what did Wynne-Edwards come up with

A

group selection

117
Q

can natural selection act on group selection

A

not rlly

118
Q

what is group seelction

A

differential survival and reproduction of groups that differ in genetic composition

119
Q

what was group selection used to explain

A

explain the purpose of territories; argued that territoriality, which guaranteed that the population did not overexploit its resources

120
Q

what is altruism

A

individuals might do things for the good of the group

121
Q

who said altruism evolving for the good of the group is faulty reasoning

A

george williams

122
Q

what did george williams do

A

criticized group selection

123
Q

how does selection acts

A

directly and indirectly

124
Q

how does selection act directly

A

as a result of an individuals own reproductive success

125
Q

what is this indirect component of selection

A

kin selection

125
Q

how does selection act indirectly

A

when the individual helps relatives, who also carry a proportion of their alleles (carry individual’s same genes)

126
Q

why is it called indirect selection

A

isn’t directly acting on individuals; indirectly benefiting individuals by helping

127
Q

describe kin selection

A

helping relatives who carry proportion of alleles of helper

128
Q

what did Wynne-Edwards say about altruistic behavior

A

altruistic behavior will evolve b/c group selection favors it (i.e. b/c more ‘selfish’ populations go extinct)

129
Q

what does Williams say

A

within-population selection favors the ‘selfish’ allele and increases it more rapidly than whole-population selection can act, so the ‘selfish’ allele will become fixed

130
Q

does group selection makes sense

A

not really

131
Q

what did Williams say

A

b/c individual selection operates more rapidly than group selection, the selfish genotype increases rapidly within populations and may spread by gene flow into populations and altruists and replaces them

132
Q

what happens to selfish genotype

A

genotype becomes fixed, even if it increases chances of extinction

133
Q

why does the selfish genotype become fixed

A

b/c its just easily transmitted and advantageous

134
Q

what illustrates problem w/ Williams argument

A

Lemming Myth

135
Q

Lemming Myth

A

when populations of lemmings in the high arctic become hella high that they throw themselves into the sea for the good of the group

136
Q

but what can happen w/ lemmings

A

all it takes is one cheater that doesn’t do this; if altruism and cheating traits are heritable, then cheaters will prevail

137
Q

what did JBS Haldane say

A

would sacrifice himself to save 2 brothers or 8 cousins; b/c he is reproducing more than himself

138
Q

what did JBS Haldane come up w/

A

inclusive fitness

139
Q

what is relative number of an individual’s alleles that are passed onto future generations

A

both directly and indirectly

140
Q

directly

A

as a result of an individual’s own reproductive success

141
Q

indirectly

A

when individual helps relatives who also carry proportion of alleles

142
Q

can selection act on species and clades

A

yeah

143
Q

does species selection have inheritance

A

no

144
Q

example of species selection

A

if larger bodied species lineages tend to speciate more rapidly or avg. rate of extinction is lower over time, a clade will become more speciose and each species will have larger body size

145
Q

microevolution

A

result of natural selection on individuals

146
Q

macroevolution

A

aspects of history of life which determine diversification and resilience to extinction of clades

147
Q

what have some paleontologists suggested

A

overwhelming determinants of patterns in nature are macroevolutionary rather than microevolutionary changes

148
Q

what can adaptation lead to

A

complexity

149
Q

Paley’s divine watchmaker analogy

A

as complexity increases, probability of an event being the outcome of chance diminishes to the point where a conscious designer is invoked

150
Q

who is Paley’s analogy used by

A

those who invoke extrinsic or divine intervention to explain complex patterns in nature

151
Q

why does this misapplication arise

A
  1. random nature of mutation necessitates that end phenotype be created from scratch
152
Q

what is another reason this misapplication arises

A

intermediate stages have no intrinsic value, only the finish product is functional (like human eye)

153
Q

why is the 2nd one an incorrect assumption

A

b/c evolution proceeds by cumulative change, not just random shuffling; each stage is functional

154
Q

sometimes it doesn’t have to lead to complexity, what can it lead to

A

simplicity

155
Q

if traits are so complex, how can they just end up happening

A

adaptation

156
Q

convergent evolution

A

eyes of octopus and vertebrate; many similarities but hella differences

157
Q

evidence for evolutoin

A

convergence and suboptimal designs

158
Q

what does natural selection work on

A

available variation (panda’s thumb)

159
Q

what did stephen jay gould argue

A

argued that textbooks illustrated adaptations w/ optimal ‘designs’ but suboptimal designs are just as illustrative of nat selection

160
Q

what did gould say about suboptimal designs

A

just as illustrative of natural selection

161
Q

examples of panda’s thumb

A

not a thumb, but modified extension of radial sesamoid wrist bone that evolved to be as big as a thumb

162
Q

what is ‘thumb’ used by pandas for

A

to strip leaves off of bamboo before eating

163
Q

how did this false thumb evolve

A

convergently

164
Q

who has false thumb

A

lesser panda and giant panda

165
Q

are lesser and giant panda closely related

A

no, so false thumb evolved independently in both groups –> convergent evolution

166
Q

what is convergence evidence of

A

nat selection acting on variation in nature

167
Q

can evolution simplify or does it always complicate

A

can simplify

168
Q

does evolution always proceed in direction of complexity

A

not always; can simplify traits

169
Q

does evolution proceed in a direction?

A

no, just happens

170
Q

example of evolution simplifying

A

army ant has eyes reduced to single ommatidia; burrowing blind snake can detect light but not form an image

171
Q

where do reduced visual systems come from

A

vestigial, natural selection

172
Q

what if reduced visual systems are vestigial

A

mutation reducing them doesn’t hurt fitness

173
Q

what if reduced visual systems are from nat selection

A

mutation reducing them increases fitness; means resources can allocated elsewhere –> lower chance of infection or damage

174
Q

historical constraints on selection

A

since evolution doesn’t design organisms from scratch, each step is contingent on preceding steps

175
Q

what are other constraints

A

ontogenic constraints

176
Q

what are ontogenic constraints

A

shape and developmental constraints

177
Q

what is another constraint

A

phylogenetic constraint

178
Q

what is phylogenetic constraint

A

availability of variation

179
Q

pleiotropy

A

a gene can have more than one effect

180
Q

what is phylogenetic constraint

A

species retain features due to ancestry

181
Q

what do all mammals ahve

A

seven neck vertebrae

182
Q

why do they have seven neck vertebrae

A

result of phylogenetic constraint

183
Q

birds w/ longer necks have more what

A

more vertebrae

184
Q

is birds having longer necks and more vertebrae adaptive

A

yes

185
Q

what can natural selection lead to

A

evolution of diversity

186
Q

what was bill size of G. fortis when small seeds were there

A

small

187
Q

what happened to bill size after drought where small seeds became less abundant

A

bill size increased

188
Q

what happened where another bird invaded and ate large seeds

A

bill size decreased again

evolution (15 decks)

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