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evolution > envs lecture 13 > Flashcards

envs lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what are among the most compelling examples of evolution

A

symbiotic interactions and coevolution

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2
Q

what is mutualism

A

interaction b.w two species, an actor and a recipient, and both gain benefits from the interaction –> mutually beneficial interaction

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3
Q

2 examples of mutualism

A

shrimp gets food and grouper gets cleaned of parasites and food particles

hummingbird and flower. hummingbird gets nectar from flower, flower gets pollinated by hummingbird

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4
Q

how many kinds of interactions are there between species

A

many; continuum from one-sided benefit to full mutualism

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5
Q

what is commensalism

A

neutral benefit to actor, positive benefit to recipient

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6
Q

example of commensalism

A

army ants hunt forest for prey. antbird follows army ant and catches the prey the ants are looking for;

neutral cost to the ants

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7
Q

herbivory/grazing

A

act of an animal feeding on another organism, particularly plants

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8
Q

what kind of effects does herbivory/grazing have

A

positive effects on herbivore, negative effect on plant

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9
Q

what is parasitism

A

an actor, the parasite, gains benefits by parasitizing a recipient

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10
Q

who is the actor in parasitism

A

the parasit

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11
Q

what kind of effects do parasites have

A

negative but not fatal effects on the host

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12
Q

example of parasitism

A

ibis (bird) with 4 ectoparasitic chewing lice

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13
Q

what happens w/ bird and lice

A

parasites can have negative effects on host; eat feathers, harder for them to handle cold weather

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14
Q

predation

A

positive for the actor but super negative for prey

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15
Q

why is predation super negative

A

usually predators kill their play

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16
Q

example of preadation

A

squirrel eating seeds

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17
Q

competition

A

positive or negative effects on actor, negative effects on recipient

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18
Q

what kinda effects can competition have on actor

A

positive OR negative

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19
Q

what effects does competition have on recipient

A

negative

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20
Q

examples of competition

A

kudzu plant is overgrowing a bunch of plants and outcompeting them

predators and scavengers compete for food at a kill

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21
Q

amensalism

A

interaction that causes unintended interactions

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22
Q

what kinda effect does amensalism have

A

no effect on actor, negative effect on recipient

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23
Q

examples of amensalism

A

animals trampling off vegetation, or humans causing oil spill and birdy covered in oil

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24
Q

altruism

A

actor has a cost to its actions, these actions benefit recipient (-, +)

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25
Q

examples of altruism

A

florida scrub jays, nest cooperatively, young stay on to help parents raise siblings

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26
Q

what do we find when it comes to altruism

A

not totally costly; can benefit actors thru inclusive fitness

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27
Q

what is red queen hypothesis

A

constant change is necessary to maintain adaptedness

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28
Q

another definition for red queen hypothesis

A

increase in adaptedness in one species reduces adaptedness of other species

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29
Q

who came up w/ red queen hypothesis

A

leigh van halen

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30
Q

what was red queen hypothesis invoked to explain

A

relatively constant extinction rates seen in the fossil record

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31
Q

what else was red queen hypothesis invoked to explain

A

general advantage of sexual reproduction in allowing faster adaptation thru recombination of genes

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32
Q

what is the basic idea of RQH

A

each species has to run (evolve) as fast as it can just to stay in the same place (survive), because interacting species continue to evolve

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33
Q

what is RQH a way of explaining

A

an evolutionary arms race

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34
Q

what do interacting species do

A

continue to evolve

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35
Q

what is another form of evolutionary arms race

A

escalation

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36
Q

what are the enemies

A

competitors, predators, dangerous prey

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37
Q

what did Vermeij argue

A

enemies were the most important agents of natural selection, causing enemy-related adaptations and responses

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38
Q

which is more general, RQH or escalation

A

escalation

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39
Q

what does escalation explain

A

explains trends in adaptation

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40
Q

example of escalation

A

mesozoic marine revolution

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41
Q

what happened in mesozoic marine revolution

A

new predators (marine reptiles, bony fish, crustacean, starfish) w/ new ways of crushing or opening exoskeletons

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42
Q

why do we see evolution of adaptations like burrowing, spines, swimming, other defenses evolving among prey

A

because of mesozoic marine revolution

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43
Q

what happened in mesozoic to marine groups like brachiopods that evolved little

A

declined in the fossil record

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44
Q

what does character displacement do

A

lessens interactions

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45
Q

what is character displacement

A

evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit same environment, differentiate [if they don’t differentiate, eliminate]

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46
Q

what is a famous example of character displacement

A

galapagos finches

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47
Q

what is character displacement a result of

A

competitive interactions among sympatric species

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48
Q

explain character displacement in galapagos finches

A

two species coexist in Santa Cruz, differ more in bill depth. coexist, so they compete, and so have evolved differences in bill size b/c they each specialize in feeding on diff seed sizes

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49
Q

where do we see biggest difference in bill depth

A

where two species coexist

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50
Q

what are allopatric species

A

separate populations

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51
Q

what are sympatric species

A

coexisting populations

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52
Q

what do sympatric species have

A

greater character displacement; differ in bill size

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53
Q

what is mimicry

A

involves one species mimicking a model species to dupe a third party or the model

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54
Q

give an example of mimicry

A

mimic dupes predators into thinking it is a noxious tasting toxic butterfly, to avoid being eaten. (not actually toxic, but look similar)

55
Q

what two types of mimicry do we see

A

Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry

56
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

non-toxic/noxious species mimics a distasteful/noxious species (wolf in sheeps clothing)

57
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

ring of toxic species mimic each other

58
Q

what is coevolution

A

describes special set of species interactions, typically involves reciprocal selection

59
Q

define coevolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary change in two or more species resulting from their interaction

60
Q

who came up w/ coevolution

A

Dan Janzen

61
Q

what are diff kinds of coevolutoin

A

gene-for-gene coevolution, specific coevolution, diffuse or guild coevolution, escape and radiate coevolution, cospeciation

62
Q

what can species do

A

may interact for prolonged periods of evolutionary time

63
Q

what can species interacting for prolonged periods of evolutionary time lead to

A

coevolution

64
Q

what is coevolution

A

reciprocal genetic change in BOTH interacting species due to natural selection that each species imposes on the other

65
Q

in what ways can species interact

A

beneficial and deleterious

66
Q

what is specific coevolution

A

involves interaction of two species

67
Q

what is diffuse coevolution

A

occurs when several species are involved, and their effects are not independent

68
Q

what is escape-and-radiate coevolution

A

involves a situation where a species evolves a defense against enemies, and is enabled to radiate into diverse descendant species, to which diff enemies may later adapt

69
Q

what is arms race

A

prolonged coevolutionary interactions between hostile species

70
Q

what can persistent coevolution result in

A

change in sign of interaction, so mutualists become parasitic, or parasites become mutualistic

71
Q

what is mutual dependancy

A

one species can’t survive without other

72
Q

examples of mutual dependancy

A

pollinators, seed dispersers, vertical transmission, integration into life cycle (mitochondria, chloroplasts)

73
Q

what is decreased parasite virulence

A

avoid killing hosts

74
Q

reciprocal natural selection

A

cuckoos lay eggs in nests of other species so host raises their young. some cuckoos evict eggs/hatchlings of host

selects for hosts ability to detect or reject cuckoo eggs.
selects cuckoos lay eggs that mimic host eggs

75
Q

what are results of coevolution

A

arms race, mutual dependency, decreased parasite virulence, long term evolutionary trends

76
Q

what is specific coevolution

A

a lot of examples of symbiosis fall into this

77
Q

what are most interactions in specific coevolution

A

polygenic

78
Q

do we know the genetic basis of specific coevolution

A

nah

79
Q

what can specific coevolution lead to

A

cospeciation and coextinction

80
Q

example of specific coevolution

A

orchid bears nectar in long spur, and is pollinated by moth

81
Q

another example of specific coevolution

A

poisonous newts have TTC to protect against predators; snakes are major predator of newts, have evolved resistance to TTX

82
Q

what is newts and snakes example of

A

evolutionary arms race

83
Q

do all snakes have resistance to newt toxins

A

nope; it varies

84
Q

describe resistance of snakes outside of newt’s range

A

low resistance

85
Q

what is the parasite in orchid moth model

A

orchid is parasite

86
Q

does orchid mimic provide nectar reward to pollinator (moth)

A

nope

87
Q

what is specific coevolution

A

geographic mosaic of coevolution

88
Q

another example of specific coevolution

A

squirrels and pines

89
Q

describe squirrels and pines

A

pinecones are adapted to resist seed eating squirrels, or are adapted for seed dispersal (for birds) when squirrels are absent

90
Q

do pines in an area w/o squirrels look same as pines in area w/ squirrels

A

nope; some are adapted for seed dispersal, some adapted to resist squirrels

91
Q

what are mutualists in pine, squirrel eample

A

bird and tree

92
Q

why are birds and trees mutualists

A

cuz help each other out thru seeds and stuff

93
Q

what are squirrels in this example

A

squirrel is seed predator

94
Q

what is guild/diffuse coevolution

A

opportunistic mutualism; a reciprocal interaction b/w groups of similar species where benefits are general

95
Q

example of guild/diffuse coevolution

A

vetches (flowers) have nectaries. nectaries attract ants

96
Q

describe mutualism in this eample

A

ants protect host plants from herbivores, they get the nectaries

97
Q

what are nectaries adapted for

A

to attract ants

98
Q

did argentine ants specifically have opportunity to contribute to selection for nectar production by vetches

A

nope, not until they came to Cali

99
Q

what is escape-and-radiate coevolution

A

plants under constant pressure from herbivore (or predator/parasite)

100
Q

step 1 of escape-and-radiate coevolution

A

new mutation arises within host lineage that confers resistance to predation/parasitism (new mutation w/ resistance to predation)

101
Q

step 2 of escape and radiate coevolution

A

resistance host lineage diversifies rapidly in absence of predation.

lineage w/ resistance is free of herbivore, and can diversify rapidly

102
Q

step 3 of escape and radiate coevolution

A

new mutation in predator allows it to feed on previously resistant host lineages.
produces rapid herbivore diversification

103
Q

what does this kind of escape-and-radiate coevolution produce

A

rapid bursts of diversification in plants and herbivore, but NOT cospeciation

104
Q

what does escape and radiate coevolution NOT produce

A

cospeciation

105
Q

example of escape and radiate coevolution

A

herbivore (caterpillar) and its host plant

106
Q

who does cospeciation

A

figs and pollinating wasps

107
Q

what are figs and wasps famous for

A

coevolving

108
Q

how many species of figs are dependent on specific wasps

A

750 species

109
Q

are figs fruits

A

no, special inflorescences

110
Q

what are these figs/plants

A

coadapted

111
Q

what are these figs/plants coadapted for

A

to attract and house the wasps

112
Q

what do receptive figs do

A

produce scents specific to particular pollinator species

113
Q

what is shape of ostiole specific to

A

head shape of particular wasp species (lock and key)

114
Q

what is morphology of individual flowers specialized for

A

to particular wasp species

115
Q

where do wasps oviposit

A

only in flowers w/ short styles

116
Q

where do female wasps enter

A

via ostiole, oviposit in female flowers

117
Q

what are females adapted for

A

flying, burrowing into figs, laying eggs in fig oocytes

118
Q

what are fig wasp males suited for

A

boring holes and mating

119
Q

what are the coadaptations

A

Receptive figs produce scents specific to particular pollinator species
Shape of ostiole specific to head shape of particular wasp species (lock-and-key)
Morphology of individual flowers specialized to particular wasp species
Wasps oviposit only in flowers with short styles

120
Q

what do figs and pollinator wasps show a high degree of

A

cospeciation

121
Q

what are the host (fig) and pollinator (wasp) phylogenies to each other

A

mirror images essentially

122
Q

what do these mirror images indicate

A

high degree of co-speciation between them

123
Q

what do mirror image tanglegrams indicate

A

same history

124
Q

what do you see in perfect co-speciation

A

exact same branching pattern; can map two trees one onto another

125
Q

what do most tanglegrams look like (when we see lack of cospeciation)

A

tangled, criss-cross

126
Q

what causes lack of co-speciation

A

?????

127
Q

what do interactions among species range from

A

predation to mutation

128
Q

how can these interactions change

A

in sign and strength

129
Q

what can long-term interactions cause

A

evolutionary trends in extinction and adaptaiton

130
Q

what is coevolution

A

reciprocal evolutionary change in two or more species resulting from their interaction

131
Q

what can coevolution do

A

increase or decrease amount of interaction between species

132
Q

what does character displacement do

A

lessens interactions

133
Q

what do cospeciation and vertical transmission do

A

show strong interactions

evolution (15 decks)

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