envs lecture 13 Flashcards
1
Q
what are among the most compelling examples of evolution
A
symbiotic interactions and coevolution
2
Q
what is mutualism
A
interaction b.w two species, an actor and a recipient, and both gain benefits from the interaction –> mutually beneficial interaction
3
Q
2 examples of mutualism
A
shrimp gets food and grouper gets cleaned of parasites and food particles
hummingbird and flower. hummingbird gets nectar from flower, flower gets pollinated by hummingbird
4
Q
how many kinds of interactions are there between species
A
many; continuum from one-sided benefit to full mutualism
5
Q
what is commensalism
A
neutral benefit to actor, positive benefit to recipient
6
Q
example of commensalism
A
army ants hunt forest for prey. antbird follows army ant and catches the prey the ants are looking for;
neutral cost to the ants
7
Q
herbivory/grazing
A
act of an animal feeding on another organism, particularly plants
8
Q
what kind of effects does herbivory/grazing have
A
positive effects on herbivore, negative effect on plant
9
Q
what is parasitism
A
an actor, the parasite, gains benefits by parasitizing a recipient
10
Q
who is the actor in parasitism
A
the parasit
11
Q
what kind of effects do parasites have
A
negative but not fatal effects on the host
12
Q
example of parasitism
A
ibis (bird) with 4 ectoparasitic chewing lice
13
Q
what happens w/ bird and lice
A
parasites can have negative effects on host; eat feathers, harder for them to handle cold weather
14
Q
predation
A
positive for the actor but super negative for prey
15
Q
why is predation super negative
A
usually predators kill their play
16
Q
example of preadation
A
squirrel eating seeds
17
Q
competition
A
positive or negative effects on actor, negative effects on recipient
18
Q
what kinda effects can competition have on actor
A
positive OR negative
19
Q
what effects does competition have on recipient
A
negative
20
Q
examples of competition
A
kudzu plant is overgrowing a bunch of plants and outcompeting them
predators and scavengers compete for food at a kill
21
Q
amensalism
A
interaction that causes unintended interactions
22
Q
what kinda effect does amensalism have
A
no effect on actor, negative effect on recipient
23
Q
examples of amensalism
A
animals trampling off vegetation, or humans causing oil spill and birdy covered in oil
24
Q
altruism
A
actor has a cost to its actions, these actions benefit recipient (-, +)
25
examples of altruism
florida scrub jays, nest cooperatively, young stay on to help parents raise siblings
26
what do we find when it comes to altruism
not totally costly; can benefit actors thru inclusive fitness
27
what is red queen hypothesis
constant change is necessary to maintain adaptedness
28
another definition for red queen hypothesis
increase in adaptedness in one species reduces adaptedness of other species
29
who came up w/ red queen hypothesis
leigh van halen
30
what was red queen hypothesis invoked to explain
relatively constant extinction rates seen in the fossil record
31
what else was red queen hypothesis invoked to explain
general advantage of sexual reproduction in allowing faster adaptation thru recombination of genes
32
what is the basic idea of RQH
each species has to run (evolve) as fast as it can just to stay in the same place (survive), because interacting species continue to evolve
33
what is RQH a way of explaining
an evolutionary arms race
34
what do interacting species do
continue to evolve
35
what is another form of evolutionary arms race
escalation
36
what are the enemies
competitors, predators, dangerous prey
37
what did Vermeij argue
enemies were the most important agents of natural selection, causing enemy-related adaptations and responses
38
which is more general, RQH or escalation
escalation
39
what does escalation explain
explains trends in adaptation
40
example of escalation
mesozoic marine revolution
41
what happened in mesozoic marine revolution
new predators (marine reptiles, bony fish, crustacean, starfish) w/ new ways of crushing or opening exoskeletons
42
why do we see evolution of adaptations like burrowing, spines, swimming, other defenses evolving among prey
because of mesozoic marine revolution
43
what happened in mesozoic to marine groups like brachiopods that evolved little
declined in the fossil record
44
what does character displacement do
lessens interactions
45
what is character displacement
evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit same environment, differentiate [if they don't differentiate, eliminate]
46
what is a famous example of character displacement
galapagos finches
47
what is character displacement a result of
competitive interactions among sympatric species
48
explain character displacement in galapagos finches
two species coexist in Santa Cruz, differ more in bill depth. coexist, so they compete, and so have evolved differences in bill size b/c they each specialize in feeding on diff seed sizes
49
where do we see biggest difference in bill depth
where two species coexist
50
what are allopatric species
separate populations
51
what are sympatric species
coexisting populations
52
what do sympatric species have
greater character displacement; differ in bill size
53
what is mimicry
involves one species mimicking a model species to dupe a third party or the model
54
give an example of mimicry
mimic dupes predators into thinking it is a noxious tasting toxic butterfly, to avoid being eaten. (not actually toxic, but look similar)
55
what two types of mimicry do we see
Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry
56
what is batesian mimicry
non-toxic/noxious species mimics a distasteful/noxious species (wolf in sheeps clothing)
57
what is mullerian mimicry
ring of toxic species mimic each other
58
what is coevolution
describes special set of species interactions, typically involves reciprocal selection
59
define coevolution
reciprocal evolutionary change in two or more species resulting from their interaction
60
who came up w/ coevolution
Dan Janzen
61
what are diff kinds of coevolutoin
gene-for-gene coevolution, specific coevolution, diffuse or guild coevolution, escape and radiate coevolution, cospeciation
62
what can species do
may interact for prolonged periods of evolutionary time
63
what can species interacting for prolonged periods of evolutionary time lead to
coevolution
64
what is coevolution
reciprocal genetic change in BOTH interacting species due to natural selection that each species imposes on the other
65
in what ways can species interact
beneficial and deleterious
66
what is specific coevolution
involves interaction of two species
67
what is diffuse coevolution
occurs when several species are involved, and their effects are not independent
68
what is escape-and-radiate coevolution
involves a situation where a species evolves a defense against enemies, and is enabled to radiate into diverse descendant species, to which diff enemies may later adapt
69
what is arms race
prolonged coevolutionary interactions between hostile species
70
what can persistent coevolution result in
change in sign of interaction, so mutualists become parasitic, or parasites become mutualistic
71
what is mutual dependancy
one species can't survive without other
72
examples of mutual dependancy
pollinators, seed dispersers, vertical transmission, integration into life cycle (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
73
what is decreased parasite virulence
avoid killing hosts
74
reciprocal natural selection
cuckoos lay eggs in nests of other species so host raises their young. some cuckoos evict eggs/hatchlings of host
selects for hosts ability to detect or reject cuckoo eggs.
selects cuckoos lay eggs that mimic host eggs
75
what are results of coevolution
arms race, mutual dependency, decreased parasite virulence, long term evolutionary trends
76
what is specific coevolution
a lot of examples of symbiosis fall into this
77
what are most interactions in specific coevolution
polygenic
78
do we know the genetic basis of specific coevolution
nah
79
what can specific coevolution lead to
cospeciation and coextinction
80
example of specific coevolution
orchid bears nectar in long spur, and is pollinated by moth
81
another example of specific coevolution
poisonous newts have TTC to protect against predators; snakes are major predator of newts, have evolved resistance to TTX
82
what is newts and snakes example of
evolutionary arms race
83
do all snakes have resistance to newt toxins
nope; it varies
84
describe resistance of snakes outside of newt's range
low resistance
85
what is the parasite in orchid moth model
orchid is parasite
86
does orchid mimic provide nectar reward to pollinator (moth)
nope
87
what is specific coevolution
geographic mosaic of coevolution
88
another example of specific coevolution
squirrels and pines
89
describe squirrels and pines
pinecones are adapted to resist seed eating squirrels, or are adapted for seed dispersal (for birds) when squirrels are absent
90
do pines in an area w/o squirrels look same as pines in area w/ squirrels
nope; some are adapted for seed dispersal, some adapted to resist squirrels
91
what are mutualists in pine, squirrel eample
bird and tree
92
why are birds and trees mutualists
cuz help each other out thru seeds and stuff
93
what are squirrels in this example
squirrel is seed predator
94
what is guild/diffuse coevolution
opportunistic mutualism; a reciprocal interaction b/w groups of similar species where benefits are general
95
example of guild/diffuse coevolution
vetches (flowers) have nectaries. nectaries attract ants
96
describe mutualism in this eample
ants protect host plants from herbivores, they get the nectaries
97
what are nectaries adapted for
to attract ants
98
did argentine ants specifically have opportunity to contribute to selection for nectar production by vetches
nope, not until they came to Cali
99
what is escape-and-radiate coevolution
plants under constant pressure from herbivore (or predator/parasite)
100
step 1 of escape-and-radiate coevolution
new mutation arises within host lineage that confers resistance to predation/parasitism (new mutation w/ resistance to predation)
101
step 2 of escape and radiate coevolution
resistance host lineage diversifies rapidly in absence of predation.
lineage w/ resistance is free of herbivore, and can diversify rapidly
102
step 3 of escape and radiate coevolution
new mutation in predator allows it to feed on previously resistant host lineages.
produces rapid herbivore diversification
103
what does this kind of escape-and-radiate coevolution produce
rapid bursts of diversification in plants and herbivore, but NOT cospeciation
104
what does escape and radiate coevolution NOT produce
cospeciation
105
example of escape and radiate coevolution
herbivore (caterpillar) and its host plant
106
who does cospeciation
figs and pollinating wasps
107
what are figs and wasps famous for
coevolving
108
how many species of figs are dependent on specific wasps
750 species
109
are figs fruits
no, special inflorescences
110
what are these figs/plants
coadapted
111
what are these figs/plants coadapted for
to attract and house the wasps
112
what do receptive figs do
produce scents specific to particular pollinator species
113
what is shape of ostiole specific to
head shape of particular wasp species (lock and key)
114
what is morphology of individual flowers specialized for
to particular wasp species
115
where do wasps oviposit
only in flowers w/ short styles
116
where do female wasps enter
via ostiole, oviposit in female flowers
117
what are females adapted for
flying, burrowing into figs, laying eggs in fig oocytes
118
what are fig wasp males suited for
boring holes and mating
119
what are the coadaptations
Receptive figs produce scents specific to particular pollinator species
Shape of ostiole specific to head shape of particular wasp species (lock-and-key)
Morphology of individual flowers specialized to particular wasp species
Wasps oviposit only in flowers with short styles
120
what do figs and pollinator wasps show a high degree of
cospeciation
121
what are the host (fig) and pollinator (wasp) phylogenies to each other
mirror images essentially
122
what do these mirror images indicate
high degree of co-speciation between them
123
what do mirror image tanglegrams indicate
same history
124
what do you see in perfect co-speciation
exact same branching pattern; can map two trees one onto another
125
what do most tanglegrams look like (when we see lack of cospeciation)
tangled, criss-cross
126
what causes lack of co-speciation
?????
127
what do interactions among species range from
predation to mutation
128
how can these interactions change
in sign and strength
129
what can long-term interactions cause
evolutionary trends in extinction and adaptaiton
130
what is coevolution
reciprocal evolutionary change in two or more species resulting from their interaction
131
what can coevolution do
increase or decrease amount of interaction between species
132
what does character displacement do
lessens interactions
133
what do cospeciation and vertical transmission do
show strong interactions
