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envs lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

who talked about evolution pre-darwin

A

plato and aristotle

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2
Q

what is one of the big questions in evolutionary biology

A

how to explain variation in nature, within species, etc.

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3
Q

what is concept of eidos

A

‘form’ or ‘idea’ or ‘essence’

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4
Q

give example of essentialism

A

horses have an immutable (fixed/unchangeable) properties, but each individual has its imperfections

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5
Q

what is essentialism/pre-darwinian view

A

variation is accidental imperfection

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6
Q

where does this pre-darwinian view come from

A

from a perception of creationism; idea that life was created by an all powerful being, all life was perfect

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7
Q

basically what did pre-darwinians think

A

variation is imperfection

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8
Q

what happened in 18th century w/r to thinking of evolution

A

profound changes in thinking about nature and history of earth

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9
Q

uniformitarianism

A

present is the key to the past

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10
Q

who came up w/ uniformitarianism

A

geologists James Hutton, Charles Lyell

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11
Q

what is catastrophism

A

sudden violent and short-lived events were responsible for current state of the earth

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12
Q

what did Hutton and Lyell argue

A

the same geological processes operated in the past as in present, and therefore geological data could be explained by causes that we observe

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13
Q

what contrasts w/ uniformitarianism

A

catastrophism

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14
Q

describe catastrophism

A

ties the current state of the earth to sudden violent and short-lived events like volcanism, or events like asteroid impacts

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15
Q

describe reality w/r to uniformitarianism

A

both ongoing events AND catastrophic events play a role in evolution

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16
Q

georges cuvier

A

animal anatomist, studied fossils

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17
Q

what was cuvier among the earliest to recognize

A

fossil forms were likely extinct

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18
Q

why was this idea of fossils forms being extinct a hard concept to grasp

A

didn’t match the ideas of the day that all organisms were part of the ‘great chain of being’,

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19
Q

great chain of being

A

scale/ladder of nature created by god

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20
Q

what did jean-baptiste pierre antoine de monet, chevalier de lamarck do

A

developed theories of phenotypic evolution and speciation

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21
Q

was lamarck correct

A

nah

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22
Q

define lamarck’s theory of phenotypic evolution

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics —> traits acquired during the course of an individual’s lifetime were passed on to offspring

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23
Q

example lamarck’s theory

A

lengthening of giraffe’s necks over lifetime would be passed down, or thickening of blacksmith’s arms

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24
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

changes in individuals within a generation passed onto next generation

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25
Q

natural selection

A

variation among individuals, certain variants more likely to survive and pass traits onto next generation

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26
Q

lamarck’s theory of speciation

A

species originate by spontaneous generation, have not originated from common ancestors

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27
Q

who was pre-darwin

A

plato & aristotle, james hutton & charles lyell, georges cuvier, lamarck

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28
Q

when was Darwin

A

1859

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29
Q

who was darwin

A

1809-1882, voyage of the beagle, accomplished naturalist

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30
Q

what inspired Darwin

A

Thomas Malthus’s that argued rate of human pop growth is higher than rate of increase in food supply, leading to famine

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31
Q

what did malthus inspire darwin to think

A

inspired his ideas about struggle for existence

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32
Q

when did darwin read malthus

A

1838

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33
Q

describe process of publishing origin of species

A

after formulating his theory, spent 20 yrs trying to sort out flaws, then finaly published it

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34
Q

when did he publish origin of species

A

1859

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35
Q

why did he take a long time to publish origin of species

A

b/c he knew it would be controversial

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36
Q

two major theses of origin of speceis

A
  1. descent w/ modification (evolution), 2. causal agent of evolutionary change (natural selection)
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37
Q

describe the process of nat selection as a cause of evolution through generations

A

early in gen 1: heritable/genetic differences in phenotype
later in gen 1: natural selection acts
generation 2: evolutionary change via natural selection

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38
Q

how are the peppered moths example of nat selection/evolution

A

variation in phenotype, traits are heritable, etc.

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39
Q

what is the variation in phenotype

A

melanic and non-melanic peppered moths

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40
Q

describe these phenotypic traits

A

heritable; have a genetic basis

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41
Q

describe peppered moths

A

white form; soot from coal burning caused black form to be popular, then white form became popular after coal burning decreased

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42
Q

what is suggested agent of selection w/ peppered moths

A

predation by birds

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43
Q

descent w/ modification

A

describes biological evolution

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44
Q

natural selectoin

A

differential survival or reproductive success of classes of entities that differ in one/more characteristics

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45
Q

criteria for natural selection

A

differences, that are inherited (must be inherited for evolution by natural selection)

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46
Q

1st component of darwin’s book

A

evolution

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47
Q

what is evolutoin

A

characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time

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48
Q

what is 2nd component of darwin’s book

A

common ddescent

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49
Q

what is common descent

A

all life could be portrayed as one great family tree (tree of life, a metaphor

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50
Q

was common descent a new or old view of evolution

A

radically new

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51
Q

what is 3rd component of darwin’s book

A

gradualism

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52
Q

what is gradualism

A

proposition that differences b/w radically diff organisms have evolved incrementally, small steps thru intermediate forms

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53
Q

what is 4th component of Darwin

A

population change

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54
Q

what is population change

A

thesis that evolution occurs by changes in the PROPORTIONS of individuals within a population that have diff inherited characteristics b/c of differential survival and reproduction (natural selection)

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55
Q

what is 5th component

A

natural selection

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56
Q

what is natural selection

A

darwin; changes in proportion of individuals w/ diff characteristics are caused by differences in their ability to survive and reproduce; such changes result in evolution of adaptations

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57
Q

who independently conceived natural selection

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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58
Q

was evolution a new theory

A

no

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59
Q

was common descent a new idea

A

yeah

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60
Q

was gradualism (slow incremental change) a new idea

A

yeah

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61
Q

what are adaptations

A

traits that improve an individual’s chance at survival and reproduction in a given env.

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62
Q

what was the Darwinian view of evolution

A

variation is adaptive, natural selection acts on that variation

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63
Q

describe pre vs. post darwinian view of variation

A

before they would see this variation as imperfection; Darwin & Wallace would say the variation is adaptive, natural selection acts on this variation

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64
Q

who was Wallace

A

british naturalist, traveled the world collecting specimens; came up w/ same idea as darwin: Evolution happens thru natural selection

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65
Q

what did wallace spur darwin to do

A

publish origin of species

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66
Q

what was wallace called

A

father of biogeography

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67
Q

wallace’s line

A

major biogeographic barrier b/w australasia and asia

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68
Q

wallace effect

A

explanation for speciation via ‘reinforcement’

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69
Q

what is biogeography

A

subfield of evolutionary biology; field that focuses on geographic distributions of organisms

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70
Q

what’s up w/ Wallace’s line

A

barrier, noticed that many groups of organisms were only found north or south of the line

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71
Q

basically what is wallace’s line a barrier of

A

barrier b/w australasia fauna

72
Q

what’s up w/ wallace effect

A

natural selection can contribute to reproductive isolation of incipient species (recently derived species) by creating barriers to breeding and geneflow b/w populations and ultimately leading to speciation

73
Q

was darwin’s theory accepted or controversial

A

initially very controversial

74
Q

when was idea of evolution by common descent accepted

A

1870s

75
Q

was the cause of evolution accepted

A

no, debated the idea that nat selection caused evolution

76
Q

how long after publication of Origin was the idea of nat selection rejected

A

60 years

77
Q

what did this rejection of nat selection lead to

A

rise of mutationist theories

78
Q

what are mutationist theories

A

argued that discretely diff organisms arose via mutation, nat selection was not required for origin of new species

79
Q

what was mutation seen as

A

an alternative to nat selection

80
Q

basically sum up idea of evolution and how it was accepted during that time

A

evolution was a fact at that point, but the theory/explanation wasn’t agreed upon

81
Q

richard goldschmidt’s idea

A

‘hopeful monsters’

82
Q

what was goldschmidt’s idea

A

sudden drastic changes reorganize the heritable material in an organism ,create new species “hopeful monsters”

83
Q

what would creation of hopeful monsters lead to

A

most of this massive genetic change would be deleterious, individuals wouldn’t survive, but some would

84
Q

what would some individuals surviving lead to

A

diversification

85
Q

basically sum up richard’s idea

A

sudden, drastic changes create new species –> hopeful monsters

86
Q

another way to describe goldschmidt’s idea

A

macroevolution through macromutation

87
Q

was richard’s hopeful monsters idea true

A

no, didn’t pan out

88
Q

what was an important cornerstone to Darwin’s theory

A

heritability

89
Q

but what was a big gap in his theory

A

heritability of traits; didn’t know how to explain that

90
Q

who helped fill in this gap

A

gregor mendel; did pea experiments, figured out inheritance of phenotypic characters

91
Q

what was big gap in darwin

A

we know traits were inherited, but no one knew HOW traits were inherited (DNA, etc.)

92
Q

evolutionary theory after Darwin

A

mendelian genetics

93
Q

what was mendel’s idea

A

particulate inheritance

94
Q

when was mendel’s idea published

A

1865

95
Q

what were evolutionary theories after Darwin

A

mendel

96
Q

when was Mendel’s ideas actually listened to

A

published in 1865 (around time of origin of species), ignored until modern synthesis

97
Q

when was modern evolutionary synthesis

A

1930s and 40s

98
Q

what was modern evolutionary synthesis

A

‘revolution’, contributions of geneticists, ecologists, systematists, paleontologists

99
Q

what did modern synthesis do

A

combined Darwin’s theory w/ facts of mendelian genetics

100
Q

chief principle of modern synthesis

A

adaptive evolution is caused by natural selection on mendelian genetic variation

101
Q

what is neo darwinism

A

adaptive evolution is caused by nat selection on mendelian genetic variation

102
Q

major players of modern synthesis

A

ronald a. fisher, j.b.s. haldane, sewall wright

103
Q

what did fisher, haldane, and wright do

A

developed a mathematical theory of population genetics, showed that mutation & natural selection together cause adaptive evolution

104
Q

what is mutation in terms of nat selection

A

mutation isn’t alternative to nat selection, but rather raw material

105
Q

what did those three create

A

field of population genetics

106
Q

what is example of genetic drift

A

founder effect

107
Q

what is founder effect

A

OG population is 50% red 50% green. a subset of them go to an island, forming a founding population. founder effect, radom sampling of OG population leads to diff. proportion of phenotypes % genotypes. now it is 20% red, 80% green.

108
Q

what does random sampling effect cause

A

genetic drift

109
Q

what is random sampling & genetic drift one way of

A

one way genetic drift causes evolution (AKA change in gene frequencies)

110
Q

another big player in modern synthesis

A

Ernst Mayr

111
Q

3 major contributions of Mayr

A

biological species concept (BSC), theory of geographic (allopatric speciation), theory of founder effect speciation

112
Q

what is BSC

A

species are groups which are reproductively isolated (don’t exchange genes) from other groups

113
Q

2 ways for a diverging species to become reproductively isolated

A

premating and postmating isolating mechanism

114
Q

premating isolating mechanism

A

phenotypic preference such as preference for similar coloration or specific display

115
Q

post-mating isolating mechanism

A

infertility, inviability of hybrid offspring

116
Q

theory of geographic/allopatric speciation

A

new species form when populations become geographically isolated, thus can undergo genetic divergence

117
Q

theory of founder effect speciation

A

drastic reductions in population size promote speciation (e.g. ‘genetic revolutions’)

118
Q

4 major causes of evolution within species

A

mutation, geneflow/migration, nat selection, genetic drift

119
Q

what happens over long periods of time to these microevolutionary processes

A

these microevolutionary processes account for origin of new speices and ultimately macroevolution, major evolutionary change

120
Q

what is mutation

A

creation of new variants

121
Q

what is geneflow/migration

A

movement of genes or variants of genes

122
Q

what is nat selection

A

differential reproductive success of phenotypic variants

123
Q

what is genetic drift

A

random effects such as founder events leading to sampling of alleles in populations causing changes in gene frequencies over time

124
Q

1st fundamental principle of evolution/major tenet of modern synthesis

A

phenotype (observed characteristics) is different from genotype (set of genes in an individual’s DNA)

125
Q

what is phenotypic difference can be from

A

partly from genetic differences, partly from direct (within generation) effects of environment

126
Q

what is 2nd principle

A

heredity of variation is based on ‘particles’ / genes that retain their identity as they pass thru generations

127
Q

3rd principle

A

evolutionary change is a population level process that entails changes in proportions/frequencies of individual organisms w/ diff genotypes

128
Q

4th principle

A

genes mutate at a low rate, too low to cause a population to shift from one genotype to another

129
Q

how do population shifts mainly occur from

A

random fluctuations (genetic drift) and nonrandom changes (nat selection)

130
Q

5th principle

A

even a slight amount of selection can bring about substantial genetic changes; thus selection can account for both slight AND extreme genetic differences

131
Q

6th principle

A

mutations can accumulate in populations, thus populations harbor genetic variation

132
Q

can mutations accumulate in populations

A

yeah

133
Q

do populations harbor genetic variation

A

yeah

134
Q

7th principle

A

differences between populations & species are often adaptive (evolved due to natural selection), and are based on differences at several or many genes of small effect (evolution occurs by small steps)

135
Q

what does adaptive mean

A

evolved due to natural selection

136
Q

describe differences b/w populations and species

A

adaptive

137
Q

how does evolution occur (big or small steps)

A

small steps

138
Q

8th principle

A

species are characterized by barriers to genetic exchange and interbreeding (reproductive isolation), and usually evolve in geographic isolation

139
Q

reproductive isolation

A

barriers to genetic exchange and interbreeding

140
Q

9th principle

A

all organisms form a great ‘tree of life’ of phylogeny; all forms of life have descended from a single common ancestor in remote past

141
Q

example of biology since modern synthesis (1950+)

A

discovery of DNA

142
Q

who discovered structure of DNA

A

watson and crick and rosalind franklin

143
Q

when did watson and crick discover DNA

A

1953

144
Q

what is the biochemical mechanism of inheritance

A

DNA

145
Q

molecular evolution

A

analysis of processes and history of changes in genes

146
Q

basically what was an important revolution in biology and evo bio

A

discovery of DNA, ability to unlock its secretes

147
Q

what is new field in evolutionary biology

A

molecular evolution

148
Q

what were leaders of modern synthesis called

A

adaptationists

149
Q

what did adaptationists argue

A

almost all features of organisms were adaptive and evolved via natural selection

150
Q

what did the molecular evolution ‘revolution’ do

A

changed this idea

151
Q

was ernst meyer an adaptationist

A

yea; was a leader of modern synthesis

152
Q

what did molecular evolution lead them to realize

A

not everything is driven by selection

153
Q

what did Motoo Kimura do

A

published Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

154
Q

what does natural selection require to act on

A

requires phenotypic variation to act upon

155
Q

but what actually happens w/r to genetic changes

A

many genetic changes don’t actually cause phenotypic change/variation

156
Q

what was Kimura’s hypothesis

A

most DNA evolution occurs by genetic drift rather than natural selection

157
Q

wobble position

A

mutation at 3rd position won’t change the AA, so won’t change the phenotype

158
Q

what happens if theres a mutation at wobble position

A

won’t change the protein, essentially silent change

159
Q

silent changes

A

natural selection can’t see these changes, cuz they don’t cause change in phenotype

160
Q

if there’s a mutation in that site will it change phenotype of organism

A

no

161
Q

what does most DNA sequence evolution happen thru

A

genetic drift (random sampling events) rather than natural selection

162
Q

does most DNA sequence evolution happen thru natural selection

A

nah, genetic drift

163
Q

but how can u compare DNA sequences

A

compare proportion of synonymous DNA changes that don’t change AAs, to non-synonymous ones that do change AAs

164
Q

what did this comparison provide a foundation for

A

foundation for detecting natural selection on DNA sequences

165
Q

who were important players in the field of sociobiology

A

william D. hamilton, robert trivers

166
Q

what was another important piece of post-modern synthesis era

A

focused on evolution of sociality on behavior

167
Q

what did evolution of sociality on behavior include

A

ideas about confusing altruistic behaviors and eusociality and conflict in nature

168
Q

what did sociobiology focus on

A

issues like evolution of social behavior

169
Q

what is confusing altruistic behavior

A

kin selection; why do individuals help each other, what does that have to do w/ natural selection

170
Q

what does new age of genomics and phylogenomics lead to

A

insights into size, organization, structure of genomes from terabytes of data and billions of reads of DNA sequence data

171
Q

what does this information yield insight into

A

causes & consequences of evolution, genetic basis of adaptation

172
Q

what else does data lead to

A

opportunities for reconstructing robust tree of life to understand evolutionary history

173
Q

how do we study evolution

A

we infer evolutionary history and its causes, by making predictions and matching those to observed data

174
Q

how do we study macroevolution

A

comparing data (like variation in genes) w/ theoretical models (HW EQ)

175
Q

what is microevolutionary scale

A

comparing variation in genes to theoretical models like HW equilibrium

176
Q

what is macroevolutionary scale

A

paleontology, comparative biology, phylogenetics

evolution (15 decks)

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