envs lecture 1 Flashcards
what did the modern synthesis do
reconciled Darwin’s ideas about evolution and gregor mendel’s ideas about genetics
who is theodosius dobzhanksy
geneticist and evolutionary biologist who did modern synthesis
what did dobzhansky say
evolution is not a theory but a fact
what else did dobzhansky argue
when we have enough evidence supporting something it becomes a fact
what did darwin do for evolution
wasn’t the first person to talk about evolution, just had the theory w/ most support and best explanation
what is biological evolution
inherited change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations
what is darwin’s ‘descent with modification’
change in gene frequencies over time
what is evolution
change in frequencies of alleles over time
basically what does evolution involve
inheritance and some kind of change (genetic, morphological, behavioral etc.) being inherited in some way
whats up w/ classic peppered moth
moth was only found in light colored form, but cuz of pollution its dark form became popular
describe within populations/species
change in gene frequencies b/w generations (e.g. shift in proportion of individuals with dark versus light wing coloration)
what kind of change are we talking about when we refer to evolutionary change
change in frequencies of phenotypes/genotypes
1st misconception of evolution
evolution and natural selection are the same thing
2nd misconception of evolution
individual organisms undergo biological evolution
3rd misconception of evolution
evidence for evolution is limited, it is only an unsubstantiated theory
4th misconception
evolution occurs within species, but it cannot explain the origin of new species
5th misconception
there are not many intermediate fossils identifying transitions between major groups
are evolution and natural selection are the same thing
nat selection is a mechanism of evolution (thru which it occurs), but they are NOT the same thing
describe evolution and nat selection
evolution is genetic change thru time, but a lot of evolution occurs cuz of natural selection
do individual organisms undergo biological evolution?
no, populations/groups of organisms undergo evolution
what is change of individual organisms thru lifetime
development
what does act on individuals
natural selection
nat selection acts on individuals, but what is the actual change on
actual change is on group
is evolution an unsubstantiated theory
no; hella evidence like DNA, fossils, etc.
examples of evolution happening around us in contemporary time
bacterias w/ antibiotic resistance, insects w/ pesticide resistance, pathogens like HIV switching hosts & changing over time, frequencies of melanic squirrels changing
is evolution big or micro change
more of a small microevolutionary change
what happens as use of antibiotics increaseses
antibiotic resistance
describe evolution and HIV
humans got HIV transmitted to them thru monkeys
does evolution occur within species
yeah
can evolution explain origin of new species
yes; evidence that NEW species form via evolution
examples of new species forming thru evolution
pea aphids, stickleback, mimetic butterflies, blah blah blah
is there evidence for intermediate forms
hell yeah; these “missing links” have been found, intermediate forms have been fine
intermediate creteacians
whales evolved from land-dwelling organisms, not aquatic organism (share ancestor w/ deer) –> intermediate form
why is evolution interesting
morphological, genetic, species diversity; medicine, technology
examples of morphological diversity
why do whales have lungs and snakes lack legs
what are structures tied to
morphology of common ancestor
what is the only explanation for many observed anatomical traits
evolution
why do whales have lungs (even tho they live in water) and snakes lack legs (even tho they share ancestor w/ vertebrates)
morphological diversity
why do salamanders (axlotl) have 10x more DNA than humans
genetic diversity; we don’t know why, but even tho they have more DNA they don’t have any more genes than humans do
why do some groups have more diversity than others
species diversity; why are beetles and ants so diverse?
why does butterfly genus charaxes have more species than related species polyura
maybe charaxes speciates more or polyura underwent more extinction
why does charaxes have more species than related species
host plant diversity is higher for charaxes, leads to more speciation in that group
why is evolution interesting in terms of medicine
how do bacteria, viruses, parasites counter our immune system? how do they evolve resistance? etc/
why is evolution interesting in terms of technology
how do insects evolve resistance to pesticideS?
