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tcol > Environmental & Occupational Toxicology > Flashcards

Environmental & Occupational Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

is the branch of pharmacology that encompasses the deleterious effects of chemicals on biologic systems.

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environment

A
  • Pollutants
  • Agricultural chemicals
  • Solvents
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3
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of Pollutants

A
  • Air
  • Environmental
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4
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of Agricultural Chcemicals

A
  • pesticides
  • herbicides
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5
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of Solvents

A
  • Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
  • aromatic
    hydrocarbons
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6
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of air pollutants

A
  • CO
  • SO2
  • NO2
  • O3
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7
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of environmental pollutants

A
  • PCBs
  • dioxins
  • asbestos
  • metals
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8
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of Pesticides

A
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • cholinesterase inhibitors
  • botanical
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9
Q

Toxic chemicals in the environmen

Types of Herbicides

A
  • Chlorophenoxy acids
  • glyphosate
  • bipyridyl
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10
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

The major air pollutants in industrialized countries include:

Classification and Prototypes

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • sulfur oxides
  • hydrocarbons
  • particulate matter
  • nitrogen oxides
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11
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

carbon monoxide accounts for about ____ of the total
amount of air pollutants

Classification and Prototypes

A

50%

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12
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

sulfur oxides accounts for about ____ of the total amount of air pollutants

Classification and Prototypes

A

18%

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13
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

hydrocarbons accounts for about ____ of the total amount of air pollutants

Classification and Prototypes

A

12%

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14
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

particulate matter accounts for about ____ of the total amount of air pollutants

Classification and Prototypes

A

10%

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15
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

nitrogen oxides accounts for about ____ of the total amount of air pollutants

Classification and Prototypes

A

6%

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16
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Air contaminants are regulated in the ______________

Classification and Prototypes

A

United States by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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17
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas that competes avidly with oxygen for _________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

hemoglobin

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18
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

The affinity of CO for hemoglobin is more than _____-fold greater than that of oxygen.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

200

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19
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

The
threshold limit value of CO for an 8-h workday is

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

25 parts per
million (ppm)

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20
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

in heavy motor vehicle traffic, the concentration of CO may _________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

A

exceed 100 ppm.

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21
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

CO causes ________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Effects

A

tissue hypoxia

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22
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Headache occurs first,
followed by confusion, decreased visual acuity, tachycardia, syncope, coma, seizures, and death.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Effects

A

tissue hypoxia

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23
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Collapse and syncope occur when approximately 40% of hemoglobin has been converted to _________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Effects

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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24
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Prolonged hypoxia can result in irreversible damage to the _________ and _________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Effects

A

brain and the myocardium.

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25
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Exposure of a pregnant woman to elevated CO levels at critical fetal developmental periods may cause __________ or _____________

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Effects

A
  • fetal death
  • serious and irreversible but survivable birth defects.
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26
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

________ and ________
are the main features of treatment

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Treatment

A
  • Removal of the source of CO
  • 100% oxygen
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27
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

accelerates
the clearance of carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Treatment

A

Hyperbaric oxygen

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28
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless, irritating gas formed from the _____________

Sulfur Dioxide

A

combustion of fossil fuels.

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28
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

SO2 forms __________ on contact with moist
mucous membranes

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

sulfurous acid

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29
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

this acid is responsible for most of the pathologic effects.

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

sulfurous acid

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30
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

the primary sign of exposure (especially in
individuals with asthma)

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

Conjunctival and bronchial irritation

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31
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Presence
of 5–10 ppm in the air is enough to cause severe ___________

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

bronchospasm

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32
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Heavy exposure may lead to delayed _________

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

pulmonary edema

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33
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Chronic
low-level exposure may aggravate ____________.

Sulfur Dioxide

Effects

A

cardiopulmonary disease

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34
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

____________ and _________ constitute the major treatment

Sulfur Dioxide

Treatment

A
  • Removal from exposure to SO2
  • relief of irritation and inflammation
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35
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a brownish irritant gas, is the principal member of this group. It is formed in _________

Nitrogen Oxides

A

fires and in silage on farms.

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36
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

NO2 causes __________ and _____________

Nitrogen Oxides

Effect

A
  • deep lung irritation
  • pulmonary
    edema
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37
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Farm workers exposed to high concentrations of the gas
within enclosed silos may die rapidly of ____________

Nitrogen Oxides

Effects

A

acute pulmonary edema

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38
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Irritation of the ________, ________, and, _______ is common.

Nitrogen Oxides

effect

A

eyes, nose, and throat

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39
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Today, the most
common source of human exposure to oxides of nitrogen, including NO2, is _______ and __________

Nitrogen Oxides

effect

A

automobile and truck traffic emissions.

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40
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Measures to
reduce _________ and _________ are important.

Nitrogen Oxides

Treatment

A

inflammation and pulmonary edema

No specific treatment is available.

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41
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Ozone (O3) is a bluish irritant gas produced in ____________ and _________

Ozone

A
  • air and water
    purification devices
  • electrical fields
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42
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Exposure to __________ may cause irritation
and dryness of the mucous membranes

Ozone

Effects

A

0.01–0.1 ppm

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43
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

_________
may be impaired at higher concentrations

Ozone

Effects

A

Pulmonary function

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44
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Chronic exposure
leads to __________, __________, ___________, and ___________.

Ozone

Effects

A
  • bronchitis
  • bronchiolitis
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • emphysema
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45
Q

AIR POLLUTANTS

Measures that
reduce _________ and _________ are emphasized.

Ozone

Treatment

A
  • inflammation
  • pulmonary edema

No specific treatment is available

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46
Q

SOLVENTS

Solvents used in industry and solvents to clean clothing are a major
source of direct exposure to ________ and also contribute to
air pollution.

A

hydrocarbons

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47
Q

SOLVENTS

This group includes __________ such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and trichloroethylene.

cAliphatic Hydrocarbons

A

halogenated solvents

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48
Q

SOLVENTS

Solvents are potent ___________.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

CNS depressants

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49
Q

SOLVENTS

The _______ of excessive exposure are nausea, vertigo, locomotor disturbances, headache, and coma

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

acute effects

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50
Q

SOLVENTS

Chronic exposure leads to
____________ and _________

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • hepatic dysfunction
  • nephrotoxicity
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51
Q

SOLVENTS

Long-term exposure to ___________ or _________ has caused peripheral neuropathy.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • tetrachloroethylene
  • trichloroethane
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52
Q

SOLVENTS

__________ is the only specific
treatment available

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Treatment

A

Removal from exposur

53
Q

SOLVENTS

___________ must be treated with
support of vital signs

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Treatment

A

Serious CNS depression

54
Q

SOLVENTS

__________,_________, and _________ are important aromatic hydrocarbons.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A
  • Benzene
  • toluene
  • xylene
55
Q

SOLVENTS

Acute exposure to any of these hydrocarbons leads
to __________

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

CNS depression with ataxia and coma.

56
Q

SOLVENTS

Long-term exposure to
benzene is associated with __________ and ________

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • hematotoxicity (thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia)
  • hematologic cancers (leukemia)
57
Q

SOLVENTS

Most national and international
organizations classify ________ as a known human carcinogen

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

benzene

58
Q

SOLVENTS

___________ and __________ are not
carcinogenic.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • Toluene (methylbenzene)
  • xylene (dimethylbenzene)
59
Q

SOLVENTS

___________ is the only specific way to
reduce toxicity

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Treatment

A

Removal from exposure

60
Q

SOLVENTS

_________ is managed by support of vital signs.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Treatment

A

CNS depression

61
Q

PESTICIDES

The 3 major classes of pesticides are

Classification and Prototypes

A
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
  • botanical agents
62
Q

PESTICIDES

DDT and its analogs

Classification and Prototypes

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons

63
Q

PESTICIDES

carbamates,
organophosphates

Classification and Prototypes

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

64
Q

PESTICIDES

nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrum alkaloids

Classification and Prototypes

A

botanical agents

65
Q

PESTICIDES

These agents are persistent, poorly metabolized, lipophilic chemicals that exhibit significant bioaccumulation.

A

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

66
Q

PESTICIDES

Chlorinated hydrocarbons block physiologic inactivation in the _________ of nerve membranes and cause uncontrolled firing of _________.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • sodium channels
  • action potentials
67
Q

PESTICIDES

_____ is usually the first
sign of acute toxicity and may progress to seizures.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

Tremor

68
Q

PESTICIDES

Chronic exposure of animals to these pesticides is __________.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

tumorigenic

69
Q

PESTICIDES

The toxicologic
impact of long-term exposure in humans is ________

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effects

A

unclear

70
Q

PESTICIDES

Although no relationship has been shown in humans between the risk of breast cancer and serum levels of DDT metabolites, recent evidence suggests an association with _________ and ____________

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Effects

A
  • non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • testicular cancer.
71
Q

PESTICIDES

Because of their extremely long ______ in organisms and in the environment (years), their use in North America and Europe has been
curtailed.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Treatment

A

half-lives

No specific treatment is available for the acute toxicity

72
Q

PESTICIDES

The ________ and ___________ are effective pesticides with short environmental half-lives. These inexpensive drugs are heavily
used in agriculture.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

A
  • carbamates (eg, aldicarb, carbaryl)
  • organophosphates
    (eg, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion)
73
Q

PESTICIDES

cholinesterase inhibitors increase ______ and ________

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Effects

A
  • muscarinic
  • nicotinic cholinergic activity
74
Q

PESTICIDES

The _________ include pinpoint pupils, sweating, salivation, bronchoconstriction, vomiting and diarrhea, CNS stimulation followed by depression, and muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Effects

A

signs and symptoms

75
Q

PESTICIDES

The most common cause of death is
_____________

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Effects

A

respiratory failure.

76
Q

PESTICIDES

________ is used in large doses to control muscarinic excess

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Treatment

A

Atropine

77
Q

PESTICIDES

________ is used to regenerate cholinesterase

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Treatment

A

pralidoxime

78
Q

PESTICIDES

____________ may be necessary until sufficient cholinesterase has been regenerated.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Treatment

A

Mechanical ventilation

79
Q

PESTICIDES

Nicotine has the same effects on __________ in insects as in mammals and probably kills by the same mechanism

Botanical Insecticides

Nicotine

A

nicotinic cholinoceptors

80
Q

PESTICIDES

Treatment is _________.

Botanical Insecticides

Nicotine

A

supportive

81
Q

PESTICIDES

This plant alkaloid pesticide causes __________ when ingested and __________ after direct contact with exposed body surfaces.

Botanical Insecticides

Rotenone

A
  • gastrointestinal distress
  • conjunctivitis and dermatitis
82
Q

PESTICIDES

Treatment is _________

Botanical Insecticides

Rotenone

A

supportive.

83
Q

PESTICIDES

The most common toxic effect of this mixture of plant alkaloids is __________

Botanical Insecticides

Pyrethrum

A

contact dermatitis

84
Q

PESTICIDES

Ingestion or inhalation of
large quantities may cause ____________ and ________

Botanical Insecticides

Pyrethrum

A
  • CNS excitation (including seizures)
  • peripheral neurotoxicity
85
Q

PESTICIDES

Treatment is supportive with __________ if necessary.

Botanical Insecticides

Pyrethrum

A

anticonvulsants

86
Q

HERBICIDES

The 2 most important members of this group are

Chlorophenoxy Acids

A
  • 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
  • 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
    acid (Agent Orange)
87
Q

HERBICIDES

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid is longer used because it is often contaminated during manufacturing with ________ and _________

Chlorophenoxy Acids

A

dioxin and other polychlorinates

88
Q

HERBICIDES

Large doses of these drugs cause muscle ________ and _________

Chlorophenoxy Acids

A

hypotonia and coma

89
Q

HERBICIDES

Longterm exposure has been associated with an increased risk of ___________

Chlorophenoxy Acids

A

nonHodgkin’s lymphoma

90
Q

HERBICIDES

Glyphosate is the principle ingredient in _________ and is now the most widely used herbicide in the world

Glyphosate

A

Roundup brand weed killer

91
Q

HERBICIDES

Its target, ___________, a key
enzyme involved in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in plants.

Glyphosate

Effects

A

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

92
Q

HERBICIDES

Glyphosate exposure causes significant ___________ and can be ____ when ingested in large quantities.

Glyphosate

Effects

A
  • eye and skin
    irritation
  • fatal
93
Q

cHERBICIDES

Treatment

Glyphosate

A

Supportive, no specific treatment is available.

94
Q

HERBICIDES

Paraquat, a _________, is used extensively to kill weeds on farms and for highway maintenance

Paraquat

A

bipyridyl herbicide

95
Q

HERBICIDES

The compound is relatively nontoxic unless ______

Paraquat

Effects

A

ingested

96
Q

HERBICIDES

After ingestion, the initial effect is ___________ with
___________ and __________.

Paraquat

Effects

A
  • gastrointestinal irritation
  • hematemesis and bloody stools
97
Q

HERBICIDES

Within a few days, signs of pulmonary impairment occur and are usually progressive, resulting in severe
___________ and _________

Paraquat

Effects

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • death.
98
Q

HERBICIDES

Because of the _________, prompt prevention of absorption is important

Paraquat

Treatment

A

delayed pulmonary toxicity

activated charcoal, Fuller’s earth

99
Q

HERBICIDES

________ is not recommended, as it may promote aspiration from
the stomach into the lungs.

Paraquat

Treatment

A

Gastric lavage

100
Q

HERBICIDES

Once the paraquat is absorbed,
treatment is successful in fewer than ____ of cases.

Paraquat

Treatment

A

50%

101
Q

HERBICIDES

Antioxidants such as ________- and _______ might be beneficial
through free radical-scavenging, anti-inflammatory actions.

Paraquat

Treatment

A
  • acetylcysteine
  • salicylate
102
Q

HERBICIDES

However, the best supportive treatment, including dialysis,
still results in less than 50% survival after ingestion of as little
as __________.

Paraquat

Treatment

A

50–500 mg/kg

103
Q

Chemical compounds that contribute to environmental pollution
include the polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, asbestos, and the
heavy metals

A

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

104
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used extensively in manufacturing ________ until their potential for environmental damage was recognized.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Source

A

electrical equipment

105
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

PCBs are
among the most ______ organic compounds known.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Source

A

stable

106
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

they are
poorly ________ and ___________

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Source

A
  • metabolized
  • lipophilic.
107
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

They are therefore highly
persistent in the environment, and they accumulate in the
_________

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Source

A

food chain

108
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

In workers exposed to PCBs, the most common
effect is _______

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Effects

A

dermatotoxicity

(acne, erythema, folliculitis, hyperkeratosis)

109
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Less frequently, mild increases in _________ and elevated __________ have been observed.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Effects

A
  • plasma triglycerides
  • liver enzymes
110
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) are a large group of related compounds of which the most important
is _______________

Dioxins

Source

A

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

111
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

The dioxins have appeared in the environment as unwanted _______ of the chemical industry

Dioxins

Source

A

by-products

112
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

They are chemically stable and highly resistant to ____________

Dioxins

Source

A

environmental degradation.

113
Q

In __________, exposure to TCDD causes a wasting syndrome, hepatotoxicity, immune dysfunction, teratogenicity,
and cancer.

Dioxins

Effects

A

laboratory animals

114
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

In humans, the most common signs of toxicity are _________ and _______, which are cystic acneiform lesions that typically form on the face and upper body

Dioxins

Effect

A
  • dermatitis
  • chloracne
115
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that
the dioxins also have _____ and _______ effects in humans.

Dioxins

Effect

A
  • carcinogenic
  • teratogenic
116
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring long, flexible
mineral fibers, most commonly containing _______.

Asbestos

Source

A

silicon

117
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Asbestos has
been used widely in _________ and _________

Asbestos

Source

A

manufacturing and building.

118
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Because it is poorly_________ and ________, it is highly persistent in the
environment and accumulates in the food chain.

Asbestos

Source

A
  • metabolized
  • lipophilic
119
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Many countries
have ______ all use of asbestos because of its toxicity and strictly
regulate handling of preexisting asbestos building products.

Asbestos

Source

A

banned

120
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause a fibrotic lung
disorder called ________, which is characterized by shortness of
breath.

Asbestos

Effects

A

asbestosis

121
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

Asbestos is also associated with several cancers including _______, ____________, and _________

Asbestos

Effects

A
  • lung cancer
  • mesothelioma
  • cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.
122
Q

High-Yield Terms to Learn

The increasing concentration of a substance in the environment as the result of environmental persistence
and physical properties (eg, lipid solubility) that leads to accumulation in biologic tissues

A

Bioaccumulation

123
Q

Although the concentration of a contaminant may be virtually undetectable in water, it may be magnified hundreds or thousands of times as the contaminant passes up the food chain

A

Biomagnification

124
Q

Study of the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on populations and communities of living
organisms within defined ecosystems

A

Ecotoxicology

125
Q

There is concern that exposure to ___________ may increase reproductive cancers, impair fertility,
and have teratogenic effects

A

Endocrine disruptors

126
Q

Chemicals in the environment that have estrogen-like or antiandrogen activity or disrupt thyroid function.

A

Endocrine disruptors

127
Q

The area of toxicology that deals with the effects of agents found in the environment; regulated by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States

A

Environmental
toxicology

128
Q

The area of toxicology that deals with the toxic effects of chemicals found in the workplace; regulated
by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States

A

Occupational toxicology

129
Q

The amount of exposure to a given agent that is deemed safe for a stated time period. It is higher for
shorter periods than for longer periods

A

Threshold limit value

tcol (10 decks)

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