Environmental Influences on Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Relationships between genotype, phenotype and environment

A
  1. genotype (P) -> genotype (C)
  2. genotype (C) -> phenotype
  3. phenotype -> environment
  4. environment -> phenotype
  5. environment -> genotype
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2
Q

Hormones and parts of the brain that regulates the hormones for growth

A

hypothalamus: regulates the hormones for growth (body and the brain)

thyroxine: for brain and muscle development
androgen: for muscle and bone development
growth hormones: for general growth
testosterone: maturation of male reproduction organs
estrogen: maturation of female reproduction organs

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3
Q

What are the problems that can be identified through growth monitoring?

A
  1. feeding difficulties
  2. chronic illness
  3. social deprivation
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4
Q

Describe the diseases that are related to nutritions of the child

A
  1. Marasmus:
    -> lack of protein and calories.
    -> with breast milk being the most important source of protein, marasmus happen when mother is separated from the child, or mother herself is malnutritioned.
    -> The size of the baby will shrink (as the protein is used up by the body, when there is insufficient intake of protein)
    -> Even if cured, the child will suffer from biological deficits.
  2. Kwashiorkor:
    -> sufficient of calories but not protein.
    -> causes the stomach to swollen and skin lesion
  3. Obesity:
    -> over-nutrition of the child due to excess intake of junk food (imbalance of nutrition)
    -> Mostly caused by cultural belief, parenting styles, habit.
    -> hard to make friends
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5
Q

Explain how nutritions is one of the most important element for development and short-term growth spurt

A

-> Malnutrition can cause serious damage to a child especially in the first five years of life.
-> However, children can compensate a short-term malnutrition phase, as long as right diet is provided later (a short growth spurt will be observed).

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6
Q

From the gestation in Netherlands, we know that pre-natal environment also affects the ….

A

genotype of the infant and its gene expression through epigenetics.

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7
Q

Describe some illness that children can have

A
  1. Measles/German measles:
    -> highly contagious
    -> spread by saliva
    -> no cure but have vaccinations for prevention
  2. Mumps:
    -> spread by saliva
    -> highly contagious
    -> no cure but have vaccinations for prevention
  3. non-organic failure to thrive syndrome
    -> children with too much stress and/or too less affection
    -> shortly affects the physical development of the child and the motor coordination ability
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8
Q

In what aspects do babies grow rapidly in their first two years

A

true, brain (last 3 months of pre-natal to 2 years of age)

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