Environmental Influences on Growth Flashcards
Relationships between genotype, phenotype and environment
- genotype (P) -> genotype (C)
- genotype (C) -> phenotype
- phenotype -> environment
- environment -> phenotype
- environment -> genotype
Hormones and parts of the brain that regulates the hormones for growth
hypothalamus: regulates the hormones for growth (body and the brain)
thyroxine: for brain and muscle development
androgen: for muscle and bone development
growth hormones: for general growth
testosterone: maturation of male reproduction organs
estrogen: maturation of female reproduction organs
What are the problems that can be identified through growth monitoring?
- feeding difficulties
- chronic illness
- social deprivation
Describe the diseases that are related to nutritions of the child
- Marasmus:
-> lack of protein and calories.
-> with breast milk being the most important source of protein, marasmus happen when mother is separated from the child, or mother herself is malnutritioned.
-> The size of the baby will shrink (as the protein is used up by the body, when there is insufficient intake of protein)
-> Even if cured, the child will suffer from biological deficits. - Kwashiorkor:
-> sufficient of calories but not protein.
-> causes the stomach to swollen and skin lesion - Obesity:
-> over-nutrition of the child due to excess intake of junk food (imbalance of nutrition)
-> Mostly caused by cultural belief, parenting styles, habit.
-> hard to make friends
Explain how nutritions is one of the most important element for development and short-term growth spurt
-> Malnutrition can cause serious damage to a child especially in the first five years of life.
-> However, children can compensate a short-term malnutrition phase, as long as right diet is provided later (a short growth spurt will be observed).
From the gestation in Netherlands, we know that pre-natal environment also affects the ….
genotype of the infant and its gene expression through epigenetics.
Describe some illness that children can have
- Measles/German measles:
-> highly contagious
-> spread by saliva
-> no cure but have vaccinations for prevention - Mumps:
-> spread by saliva
-> highly contagious
-> no cure but have vaccinations for prevention - non-organic failure to thrive syndrome
-> children with too much stress and/or too less affection
-> shortly affects the physical development of the child and the motor coordination ability
In what aspects do babies grow rapidly in their first two years
true, brain (last 3 months of pre-natal to 2 years of age)