Environmental Influences on Early Human Dev

Question 1

Environmental justice

Answer 1

exposures occur in regards to complex content

-all bad things increase stress

Question 2

Environmntal impacts to fetus

Answer 2

nutrtion, stress, toxics, noise, physical trauma, infections

Question 3

Developmental defects causes

Answer 3

Mostly genetic

Toxicants/motehr lifestyle

Probably a decent amount due to interaction

Question 4

Teratology-what does susceptibility depend on, when greatest susceptibility

Answer 4

genotype, dev stage, pathogens, maternal factors

study of abnormalities during development

greatest susceptibility in early organogenesis
-critical periods for each organ

Question 5

Rubella

Answer 5

Animal tests do not help

togovirus

severe in adults-but self limiting

very bad if early in dev (1st tri)
-results in congenital rubella syndrome

worst window is between 3 week and 8th week

Twin studies showed remarkable difference response

Sensory problems

Presents with classic triad, heart disease, eye problems

Herd immunity

Question 6

Thalidomide

Answer 6

Animal tests show safe-but never tested reproductive effects, problems in higher order animals

anaesthetic and morning sickness drug

Phocomelia-seal limbs

Adverse effects in adults like peripheral neuropathy

Between 4th and 6th week is critical window

beneficial uses for some things-leprosy-but NOT WHEH NWOMEN ARE PREGNANT

Question 7

Diethylstilbestrol

Answer 7

vaginal lesions in f1 offspring-learned from looking at humans

use for people who may have miscarriage-but actually did nothing

Treated moms got cancer of vagina

Critical period is first trimester

tested with case control-then cohort

Offspring also had problems from undescended testes to increased miscarraiges

Question 8

classic triad

Answer 8

chest pain, heart failure, syncope (loss of consciousness)

Question 9

Endocrine disruptors

Answer 9

interfere with normal hormone functions

Have effects at very low concentrations

DDT

bisphenol A

Apparently there is increases in rates of some of these disorders

Question 10

endocrine related disorders presentation

Answer 10

low semen, genital malformation, thyroid disorders, early breast development, adverse pregancy outcome

Question 11

EDCs + 4 strands

Answer 11

endocrine disrupting compounds

4 strands of evidence

• high incidence and increasing trends of related disorders
• endocrine related effects in wildlife
• many chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties identified in labs
• emerging epidemiological evidence of reproductive effects of some EDCs

Question 12

EDC exposure pathways

Answer 12

air, dust, water, soil , food

Question 13

fetal susceptibility facts

Answer 13

placenta not complete barrier, fetal susceptibility is gestational stage dependent, maternally determined

many xenobiotics are teratogenic

toxicity can be manifested at birth, shortly after, after puberty, several decades after birth
-may also occur in f2

Question 14

FOAD

Answer 14

Fetal origens of adult diseases

Birth size phenotype predicts other things

Stress in utero-slow down growth

Iugr-Intrauterine growth retardation-when under stress

Question 15

IUGR

Answer 15

Intrauterine growth retardation-when under stress

Question 16

DOHaD

Answer 16

Developmental origins of health and disease

early childhood exposures can act on adult as well

Question 17

Homeostasis

Answer 17

keeping milieu interior-environment within

Negative feedback normally
Positive feedback-when disease occurs-actute

Set points change-chronic stimulus

Question 18

Barker hypot

Answer 18

thrifty phenotype

reduced fetal growth-associated with being fat disease later on (heart disease, stroke)

Question 19

Progamming and FOAD

Answer 19

Fetus/hild must deal stressfull environemtnas that alter homeostatic set points

-persist into adult life as risk factors

Question 20

Pesitcide mode of damage and who most susceptible and how to measure + what leads to

Answer 20

pass through blood brain barrier

• cause build up of acetylcholine
• dsirupts neuronal process

Fetuses and young children most susceptible
=rapid brain dev and less adult detox enzymes

short half life so check metabolites in blood or urine

ADHD+lower IQ=worse the more daps mom has (daps=metabolite)

Question 21

Referecnce concentration

Answer 21

daily exposure to man pop likely tone without apprecialble risk of deleterious effects during lifetime
-10 fold more uncertainties that increase if less like animal study

Question 22

Mercry+types+symptoms

Answer 22

Toxic to all organisms

• ethanomercury-thimerasol
• methylmercury-from fish

Extremely retarded if too much, to less smart

Question 23

Fish in diet

Answer 23

healthy for omega 3 fatty acids for nervous system-possible interactions with people who just treat thier bodies healthier?

Unhealthy for mercury

Question 24

PCBs

Answer 24

Polychlorinated biphenyls

Great lakes fish-prenatal exposure
led to decrease cog/gestation fuction

Question 25

Pb poisoning facts and how tot trx

Answer 25

as regulation increased less lead problems

Lead encephalopathy-Death

Low levels of lead lead to lost IQ points
+distractiable, impuslive, can’t follow directions etc.

Pb poisoning problem gone now
+but still happens in about 1000 people a year in NJ

Regulation+mandatory screening

Question 26

Shifting IQ to left 3 points

Answer 26

Make ALOT of people in very low IQ range and ALOT of people NOT in very high IQ range

Question 27

Critical periods of methyl mercury, PCBs, and Pb poisoning

Answer 27

Prentatl

prenatal

post natal