Environmental Influences on Early Human Dev Flashcards
Environmental justice
exposures occur in regards to complex content
-all bad things increase stress
Environmntal impacts to fetus
nutrtion, stress, toxics, noise, physical trauma, infections
Developmental defects causes
Mostly genetic
Toxicants/motehr lifestyle
Probably a decent amount due to interaction
Teratology-what does susceptibility depend on, when greatest susceptibility
genotype, dev stage, pathogens, maternal factors
study of abnormalities during development
greatest susceptibility in early organogenesis
-critical periods for each organ
Rubella
Animal tests do not help
togovirus
severe in adults-but self limiting
very bad if early in dev (1st tri)
-results in congenital rubella syndrome
worst window is between 3 week and 8th week
Twin studies showed remarkable difference response
Sensory problems
Presents with classic triad, heart disease, eye problems
Herd immunity
Thalidomide
Animal tests show safe-but never tested reproductive effects, problems in higher order animals
anaesthetic and morning sickness drug
Phocomelia-seal limbs
Adverse effects in adults like peripheral neuropathy
Between 4th and 6th week is critical window
beneficial uses for some things-leprosy-but NOT WHEH NWOMEN ARE PREGNANT
Diethylstilbestrol
vaginal lesions in f1 offspring-learned from looking at humans
use for people who may have miscarriage-but actually did nothing
Treated moms got cancer of vagina
Critical period is first trimester
tested with case control-then cohort
Offspring also had problems from undescended testes to increased miscarraiges
classic triad
chest pain, heart failure, syncope (loss of consciousness)
Endocrine disruptors
interfere with normal hormone functions
Have effects at very low concentrations
DDT
bisphenol A
Apparently there is increases in rates of some of these disorders
endocrine related disorders presentation
low semen, genital malformation, thyroid disorders, early breast development, adverse pregancy outcome
EDCs + 4 strands
endocrine disrupting compounds
4 strands of evidence
- high incidence and increasing trends of related disorders
- endocrine related effects in wildlife
- many chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties identified in labs
- emerging epidemiological evidence of reproductive effects of some EDCs
EDC exposure pathways
air, dust, water, soil , food
fetal susceptibility facts
placenta not complete barrier, fetal susceptibility is gestational stage dependent, maternally determined
many xenobiotics are teratogenic
toxicity can be manifested at birth, shortly after, after puberty, several decades after birth
-may also occur in f2
FOAD
Fetal origens of adult diseases
Birth size phenotype predicts other things
Stress in utero-slow down growth
Iugr-Intrauterine growth retardation-when under stress
IUGR
Intrauterine growth retardation-when under stress
DOHaD
Developmental origins of health and disease
early childhood exposures can act on adult as well
Homeostasis
keeping milieu interior-environment within
Negative feedback normally
Positive feedback-when disease occurs-actute
Set points change-chronic stimulus
Barker hypot
thrifty phenotype
reduced fetal growth-associated with being fat disease later on (heart disease, stroke)
Progamming and FOAD
Fetus/hild must deal stressfull environemtnas that alter homeostatic set points
-persist into adult life as risk factors
Pesitcide mode of damage and who most susceptible and how to measure + what leads to
pass through blood brain barrier
- cause build up of acetylcholine
- dsirupts neuronal process
Fetuses and young children most susceptible
=rapid brain dev and less adult detox enzymes
short half life so check metabolites in blood or urine
ADHD+lower IQ=worse the more daps mom has (daps=metabolite)
Referecnce concentration
daily exposure to man pop likely tone without apprecialble risk of deleterious effects during lifetime
-10 fold more uncertainties that increase if less like animal study
Mercry+types+symptoms
Toxic to all organisms
- ethanomercury-thimerasol
- methylmercury-from fish
Extremely retarded if too much, to less smart
Fish in diet
healthy for omega 3 fatty acids for nervous system-possible interactions with people who just treat thier bodies healthier?
Unhealthy for mercury
PCBs
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Great lakes fish-prenatal exposure
led to decrease cog/gestation fuction
Pb poisoning facts and how tot trx
as regulation increased less lead problems
Lead encephalopathy-Death
Low levels of lead lead to lost IQ points
+distractiable, impuslive, can’t follow directions etc.
Pb poisoning problem gone now
+but still happens in about 1000 people a year in NJ
Regulation+mandatory screening
Shifting IQ to left 3 points
Make ALOT of people in very low IQ range and ALOT of people NOT in very high IQ range
Critical periods of methyl mercury, PCBs, and Pb poisoning
Prentatl
prenatal
post natal
