environmental diseases Flashcards
greenhouse gases
1) reflect back the radiation and increases the temperature
2) a lot of impacts on human health
xenobiotics
1) exogenous chemicals that may be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact
2) may be excreted in urine or feces, or expired air
3) or can be accumulated in bone, fat, brain, or other tissues
metabolism of toxins
1) phase I
- cytochrome p450 enzyme family
- detoxify xenobiotics or activate them into active compounds
- * hydroxylation with a hydrophilic attachment for EXCRETION!!
2) phase II
- excretion??
environmental pollutant
1) ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
carbon monoxide poisoning
1) systemic hypoxia due to formation of carboxyhemoglobin
- CO2 binds to Hb 250x more than O2
2) generalized cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes
metals as pollutants
1) lead and mercury are the biggest relevance
2) heavy metal poisoning
3) also arsenic and cadmium
lead poisoning
1) one of the earliest signs of lead poisoning
2) microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling of RBC
3) permanent disabilities for a child
4) lead lines in bones and gingiva => increased bone density (burton’s line)
dental amalgam
1) very little free mercury in dental amalgam
2) FDA and ADA affirm amalgam is safe and effective
industrial and agricultural exposures
1) formaldehyde
- biopsy fixative
0 irritation, COLD, nasal cancer, lung cancer, fibrosis
2) bisphenol A
- endocrine disruption
cirrhosis of the liver
1) depleted NAD+ in the metabolism of alcohol
2) so, there is less for FA oxidation
3) fatty liver disease
chronic alcohol consumption effects
1) fatty liver (90% of binge drinkers), alcoholic hepatitis (10-15%), cirrhosis (failure and death)
neurologic manifestations of alcoholism
1) thiamine (vit B1)
- needed to be supplemented in alcoholics
2) wernicke syndrome
- confusion, ataxia, diplopia
- thiamine deficiency
