cellular injury, adaptation, and death

Question 1

should physiologic demands exceed capacity of the cell

Answer 1

1) it will try to adapt

Question 2

cellular adaptation

Answer 2

1) hyperplasia
2) hypertrophy
- growth of the cell
3) atrophy
- decrease in size of the cell
4) metaplasia
- mainly pathologic
- change in one cell type to another

Question 3

if the cell cannot adapt

Answer 3

1) injury occurs

Question 4

causes of cellular injury

Answer 4

1) ischemia
- lack of blood supply with O2
2) infectious and immune mediated disease
3) reactive oxygen species

Question 5

ROS

Answer 5

1) normal result of metabolic activities
2) normal redox
- ETC/RC
3) radiant energy
- UV skin
4) inflammation
- WBCs
5) metabolism of chemicals
- Chm/AZT

Question 6

what do ROS do

Answer 6

1) block formation or scavenging free radicals

Question 7

an injury occurs

Answer 7

1) take ischemia
- no blood flow, no O2
2) O2 is needed for oxidative phosphorylation
- no ATP
3) ATP dependent pumps fail and cell product accumulates
4) if injury is reversed
- the residual body is excreted by the cell
5) degeneration
- accumulation of products can be irreversible
- necrosis, apoptosis

Question 8

damage associated molecular products

Answer 8

1) ATP
2) uric acid
3) bind to macrophages
4) trigger phagocytosis

Question 9

ischemic / coagulative necrosis

Answer 9

1) lack of oxygen
2) the blood supply to tissue is arrested usually the result of occlusion of a vessel
- ex. myocardial infarction
- troponin gets released

Question 10

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 10

1) lot of neutrophils and dead tissue
2) dental granuloma

Question 11

Caseous necrosis

Answer 11

1) necrotic tissue

Question 12

fat necrosis

Answer 12

1) lipases release fat

Question 13

fibrinoid

Answer 13

1) in lupus

Question 14

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 14

1) infection and necrosis
- true type of necrosis

Question 15

should healing not occur

Answer 15

1) liquifying => cavity
2) granulation => scar
3) dystrophic calcification (collagenized areas)

Question 16

pathological calcification

Answer 16

1) dystrophic calcification
2) metastatic calcification
- hyper parathyroidism and hypercalcemia
- parathyroid adenoma (lost the feedback cycle)
- deposits of calcium in the walls of artery

Question 17

apoptosis

Answer 17

1) programmed cell death
2) no resultant inflammation

Question 18

in lichen planus

Answer 18

1) CD8 cells attack basal epithelial cells and cause apoptosis

Question 19

intracellular and interstitial accumulations

Answer 19

1) degenerative
- damage, metabolites cells swelling
2) pathologic processes inc metabolic
- packing, transport, lack of machinery

Question 20

endogenous accumulation

Answer 20

1) lipids
2) proteins
3) glylogen

Question 21

exogenous accumulations

Answer 21

1) environmental carbon (anthracosis)

Question 22

tissue pigments

Answer 22

1) tattoo pigmentation
2) lipofuscin
3) melanin
4) bilirubin
5) hemosiderin