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Resurseffektiva produkter och produktion > Environment-driven product development > Flashcards

Environment-driven product development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

A development that satisfies today´s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

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2
Q

What is sub-optimisation?

A

Optimisation of the parts at the expense of the whole. Om man förbättrar en liten bit kan helheten bli knasig

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3
Q

Give an example of suboptimastion

A

For example, if you want to decrease the environmental impact in manufacturing you can use materials that require less energy for example. But the change might increase the environmental impact during the whole system because the new material may not have good recycling techniques –> recycling impact increases while manufacturing decreases.

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4
Q

What is the most important thing when suboptimising?

A

Look at the whole system!

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5
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A

An example of sub-optimization. Example: A soil is optimal for 4 animals, 2 animals/farmer. One farmer buys a third animal –> the whole meat production in the farmed area decreases from 25 kg/unit to 20 kg/unit. You want to increase your winnings individually but in the big perspective, it decreases.

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6
Q

How has the environmental problems evolved over time?

A

Local problems decreased
Regional problems increased to eventually start decreasing
Global problems have increased almost lineary

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7
Q

What types of planned obsolescence are they?

A
  • Technical/functiona obsolescence
  • Technical design
  • Style obsolescence
  • Legal
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8
Q

Describe technical/functional obsolescence

A

Is built weaker, less durable products that are impossible to repair

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9
Q

Describe technical design

A

Artifically age older product by making them seem old-fashioned and out-of-date

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10
Q

Describe style obsolescence (aesthetic)

A

Aesthetically drab, faded, dirty and worn-out. Fashion

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11
Q

Describe legal obsolescence type

A

Lobby for new legal requirements and standards that mean customers have to buy a new product to stay within the law

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12
Q

What are the two types of environmental impact?

A

External and internal impact

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13
Q

What does external and internal impact give rise to?

A

Environmental effects such as:

  • Resource consumption of energy, materials, water and land
  • Emissions to air, water and soil
  • Waste and residual parts (hazardous waste)
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14
Q

How has focus shifted in environmental aspects?

A

It has changed from focusing on factories and their emissions to the product as a whole system

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15
Q

What is a life cycle perspective?

A

A perspective where you study a products environmental impact on the whole process. From extraction of raw materials to end-of-life treatment.

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16
Q

Why is recycling not 100% beneficial?

A

For example: if you want to recycle a tire, you need to collect all the particles from the air as well. KOM TILLBAKA TILL DEN HÄR EFTER SVAR FRÅN CARRO

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17
Q

Why should you focus on product design?

A

Focus has been on minimizing the impact from manufacturing. But if you focus on eco-design you can minimiz the impact a lot.

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18
Q

How has the source of emissions changed?

A

Before it was only direct emissions from industries. Today the main source (a big source) is emissions from use of products while the emissions from industries has decreased.

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19
Q

What are important aspects of Product Life-Cycle Impact?

A
  • The number of products
  • The time that a product is used
  • The use of materials and energy in products
  • Creation of new needs
20
Q

Describe “The number of products”

A

Earths growing population requires an increased number of products, while the number of products per capita has increased

21
Q

Describe “The time that a product is used”

A

In general, the average time that a product is used before its scrapped has been reduced, at the same time as the general active time usage time per product has decreased

22
Q

Describe “The use of materials and energy in products”

A

Material and energy “invested” in the products used are generally poor, and are for the most part difficult to efficiently recover in eg reused or remanufactured products and in material or energy recovery.

23
Q

Describe “creation of new needs”

A

Increased research and development has resulted in new innovations, i.e offers that stimulate our lives in new ways and creates new needs.

24
Q

Describe aspects around “Environmentally friendly products”

A
  • All human activity generate an environmental impact
  • The environmental impact of a product must be compared to the benefits it generates in relation to the environmental impact.
25
Q

What is important to remember with “environmentally friendly products?”

A

It is never possible to say that one product is more environmentally friendlier than another.

Never use the term without a comparison to another product.

26
Q

What is Eco-design?

A

Not a method or a tool,

But a way of better design through analyzing and synthesizing in order to reduce environmental impacts throught the whole products life cycle.

Do more with less!

27
Q

What can be achieved through eco-design?

A
  • Better functionality
  • Increased customer value
  • Cost savings
  • Risk reduction
  • Innovation
  • Improved image
  • Motivated employees
  • Reduced environmental impact
28
Q

What is the problem with our current way of doing business?

A

It needs infinite resources. Its very profitable but demands infinite supplies

29
Q

What is better with circular economy?

A

Instead of selling and transferring goods forward, you try to utilize the recources you have.

30
Q

What is circular economy?

A

A generic term for an industrial economy that is producing no waste and pollution, by design or itention, and in which material flows are of two types: biological nutrients, designed to re-enter the biosphere safely, and technical nutrients, which are designed to circulate at high quality in the production system without entering the biosphere as well being restorative and regenerative by design.

31
Q

What are the key elements in circular economy?

A
  1. Prioritise regenerative resources
  2. Use waste as a resource
  3. Design for the future
  4. Preserve and extend whats already made
  5. Collaborate to create joint value
  6. incorporate digital technology
  7. prices or other feedback mechanisms should reflect real costs.
32
Q

What are the circular economy framework?

A
  1. Systems thinking
  2. Biomimicry
  3. Industrial ecology
  4. Blue economy
  5. Biosphere rules
33
Q

What are the butterfly diagram?

A

It tries to illustrate the biosphere and technosphere and how things should be looped. Materials can go from bio to techno (plastics from biodegradable materials). The aim is to decrease the number of flows and keep the loops as close as possible to the user. You want to minimize the amount of material that is going through the loops

34
Q

What should you focus on in the butterfly diagramme?

A

Material/parts manufacturer, product manufacturer and retail/service provider. Design a solution that is fitted into circular economy.

35
Q

What are the driving forces for circular business models?

A
  1. Increased profitability
  2. Demographic changes
  3. Increased competition
  4. New technology
  5. Higher raw material prices
  6. Increased focus on social and environmental issues
36
Q

In what way oes language matter?

A
  • Should use and employ products, not consume them
  • Should talk about resources and not waste
    Should talk about availability of features and benefits, not ownership
    etc.
37
Q

How has focused changed in selling?

A

Gone from selling new products to satisfying the customer and utilizing the offer, as long as it is economically viable for the provider

38
Q

How has relationship supplier to customer/user changed?

A

Tidigare enkelriktat from supplier to user till final disposal.

Nu är det dubbelriktar mellan supplier och användare samt att bortskaffandets pil är mindre

39
Q

What is an actor map?

A

The aim is to provide a visual and clear overview of actors.

40
Q

Why is actor map important?

A

To support the identification of relevant actors and their involvement in requirements could be important to consider when developing.

41
Q

What is an active product?

A

The product requires other products like supplies or energy to recieve the function.

It influences other products during the use phase.

For example a washing machine

42
Q

What is a passive product?

A

The product dont have any major impact on other products during use nad does not need other products like supplies or energy to recieve its own function.

For example desks and hammers

43
Q

How can the Actor system map method be used?

A

By describing actors and activities between a provider and customer within a PSS

44
Q

Vad är problemet med suboptimering?

A

De ger i regel upphov till dyrare och mindre funktionseffektiva produkter/tekniska system på grund av att det går åt mer material/energi för att erhålla den önskade funktionen som därmed påverkar direkt produktens totala miljöbelastning

45
Q

Vad kan en satsning på miljödriven produktutveckling resultera i för ett företag?

A

Spara pengar genom minskad materialåtgång och ökad lönsamhet

Resurseffektiva produkter och produktion (13 decks)

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