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AP environmental science > Enviro Unit 3 > Flashcards

Enviro Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Species specialist characteristics

A

-small range of tolerance
-narrow ecological niche
-more prone to extinction
-specific food/habitat requirements
-less ability to adapt

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2
Q

Species Generalists characteristics

A

-larger range of tolerance
-broader niche
-less prone to extiction
-more likely to be invasive species
-broad food/habitat preference

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3
Q

ecological niche

A

role a species plays within the ecosystem (it’s way of life)

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4
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum reproductive rate under ideal conditions

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5
Q

k-selected species characteristics

A

○ few offspring, heavy parental care to protect them.
○ EX: most mammals, birds
○ longer life span - long time to sexual maturity = LOW biotic potential
○ more vulnerable to disruptions and invasive species
○ if parent dies = likely death of offspring
○ more likely to go extinct
○ often specialist species

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6
Q

r-selected species

A

○ many offspring, little to no care
○ EX: insects, fish, plants
○ shorter life span - quick sexual maturity = high biotic potential
○ more likely to be the invasive species
○ better suited for rapidly changing environmental conditions
○ parent dies doens’t affect offspring
○ low chance of extiction
○ often generalist species

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7
Q

survivorship curves

A

line on a graph that shows survival rate of a cohort from birth to death.

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8
Q

cohort

A

group of the same-aged individuals

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9
Q

type 1survivorship curves
life stages

A

○ mostly k-selected species
○ high survivor-ship early in life due to parental care
○ high survivor-ship mid-life due to large size
○ rapid decrease in survivor-ship in late life as old age
EX most mammals

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10
Q

type II survivor-ship curves

A

○ in between k and r selected species
○ steadily decreasing survivor-ship throughout life
○ they tend to be the prey
EX birds, mice

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11
Q

type III survivor-ship curve

A

○ mostly r-selected species
○ high mortality early in life due to little parental care
○ few make it to mid-life; slow down decline in survivor-ship midlife
○ even fewer make it to adult hood
EX insect, fish, plants

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12
Q

Survivor-ship and k- and r- selected species are like a spectrum

A

r on the very left with Oyster having 500 million offspring anually

k on the very right with chimps having 1 offspring every 5 yrs.

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13
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

highest population size the environment con support based on limiting resources
Food, Water, Habitat

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14
Q

Overshoot
EX

A

when population exceeds carrying capacity
EX deer bread in fall and give birth all at the same time leading to a pop. spike in spring = overshoot

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15
Q

consequences of overshoot

A

resource depletion EX overgrazing deer

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16
Q

Die-off
EX

A

sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion leads to individuals dying.
EX many deer starve with too many new fawns feeding in the spring.

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17
Q

how can overshoot and its consequences affect a population?

A

sometimes populations grow exponentially and they way way overshoot. if resource depletion is too drastic, the population can die off completely.

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18
Q

Predator prey graph

A

○ Prey pop. incr. due to lowering predator pop.
○ predator pop incr. due to incr. prey pop.
○ prey pop. decr. due to more predators eating them

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19
Q

population characteristics

A

size (N)
density
distribution
sex ratio

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20
Q

population characteristics Size (N)

A

total number of individuals

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21
Q

population characteristics Density

A

number of individuals/area
- high density = more competition
- more likely for disease to spread

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22
Q

population characteristics Distribution

A

how individuals are spaced
a) random EX trees, plants
b) uniform EX territorial animals
c) clumped EX herd/group animals

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23
Q

population characteristics Sex ration

A

males : females 50:50
die-off and bottleneck effects can lead to skewed ratio (not enough females) limiting pop. growth

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24
Q

what limits population growth?

A

the availability of resources (food, space) limits pop. growth. Resources are limited and finite over time for all populations

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25
Q

exponential growth

A

j-curve steep going up without flattening
pop size y axis
time x axis
-if resources are abundant pop. follows exponential growth
- shows high biotic potential

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26
Q

logistic growth

A

starts going steep but then flattens out at carrying capacity
S curve
- if resources are more limited pop. follows logistic growth model

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27
Q

what 2 things happen when resources are scarce?

A

a) increased mortality- more organisms starve/die
b) decreased fecundity - organisms reproduce less or not at all

28
Q

fecundity

A

reproductive ability

29
Q

Density dependent factors that regulate population growth

A

influence pop. growth depending on pop. size
- food, competition for resources
- disease
- larger populations will be more affected

30
Q

density independent factors that regulate population growth

A

influence pop. growth independent of size
- natural disasters (flood, hurricane, tornado, pollution)
- doesn’t matter how big or small pop. size is

31
Q

changing factors that determine calculating population size

A

birth, death
emigration, immigration

32
Q

formula or easiest way to solve total population

A

start with original number
add births minus deaths
add immigration minus emigration
then add this number to original
EX 52 elk 19 births 6 deaths
9 emigrate 5 immigrate
18 new elk 52+18=70

33
Q

percent change formula

A

(NOO)
new-old/old* 100
EX 52 elk original
70 elk new
70-52/52*100 = 34.6%

34
Q

Thomas Malthus and his theory

A

earth has a carrying capacity for humans based on limited food production. Human growth is exponential while food production is not.

35
Q

why was Thomas Malthus wrong? what did he not take into account?

A

humans alter earth’s carrying capacity with technological advancements. EX synthetic fertilizer

36
Q

calculating growth rate

A

CBR-CDR/10 as %

37
Q

doubling time (rule of 70)

A

doubling time = 70/growth rate yrs.

38
Q

factors that increases population growth rate

A
  • High TFR
  • High IMR drives up TFR (replacement children)
  • high immigration level
  • increased access to clean water & healthcare (decreasing DR)
  • government incentives
39
Q

factors that decrease pop. growth rate

A

-high death rate
- high IMR
- increased development
- increased education and opportunities for women
- delayed age of first child
- postponed of marriage age
- government incentive EX china’s one-child policy

40
Q

standard of living

A

quality of life
Gross Domestic Product
Life Expectancy

41
Q

standard of living GDP

A

gross domestic product is the total value of goods and services provided.

42
Q

standard of living life expectancy

A

avg. age a person will live
incr. with access to clean water, healthcare

43
Q

High GDP and life expectancy are indicators of what?

A

indicate development and low population growth

44
Q

age cohort

A

group of similarly aged individuals

45
Q

Age structure diagrams expanding rapidly

A

wide bottom of pyramid little at the top

46
Q

Age structure diagrams expaning rapidly

A

wider bottom than top but growing more slowly

47
Q

Age structure diagrams stable

A

not growing or shrinking population. Steady, stable

48
Q

Age structure diagrams declining

A

less babies being born than there are older people

49
Q

ages 0-14
ages 15-44
ages 44+

A

pre reproductive
reproductive
post reproductive

50
Q

TFR (total fertility rate)

A

is the avg. number of children a women will have.
higher TFR → higher birthrate → high pop. growth (generally)

51
Q

IMR (number of children)

A

number of children dying under the age of 1 / 1000
- high in less developed countries due to less healthcare, clean water, sanitation
- higher IMR → TFR → (replacement children)

52
Q

replacement level fertility

A

fertility rate that keeps pop. stable (to replace parents)
2.1 in most developed countries

53
Q

factors that affect TFR developement (affluence)

A

developement (affluence)
- more developed, wealthier nations have lower TFR
– education for women
– more economic opportunities for women
– later age of first pregnancy
– higher access to family planing, contraceptives
– less need to children to help work

54
Q

Factors that affect TFR government incentives

A

Government incentives
-to either lower or increases pop. growth
–forced sterilization
–china’s 1 child policy (now 3)
– tax incentives
– microcredits or loans for women without children to start buisnesess.

55
Q

industrialization

A

process of economic and social transition from farming to industrial

56
Q

pre-industrialized

A

not yet industrialized

57
Q

industrialization/ develping

A

part way through transition

58
Q

industrialized

A

completed transition

59
Q

DTM stage 1 characteristics

A
  • pre industrialized
    – no countries in this stage
    – high IMR & death rate due to lack of clean water, sanitation, healthcare
    – high TFR due to lack of education, family planing
    – need for child agricultural labor
    – little to no growth, high CBR and CDR cancel each other out
60
Q

DTM stage 2 characterisistcs

A
  • industrializing/ developing
    – IMR and CDR are declining
    – high TFR due to lack of education, need for child agricultural labor, access to family planing, generational lag
    – rapid growth, fastest pop. growth
61
Q

generational lag

A

it takes time for a society/ culture to change and adapt

62
Q

DTM stage 3

A
  • developed/ industrialized
    – modernized economy
    – country becoming wealthier
    – low TFR due to education for women, access to family planning, delayed age of marriage and first child
    – slowing growth rate as CBR drops
63
Q

DTM stage 2 economical/ societal indicators

A

– Low GDP
– short life expectancy
– high TFR
– low literacy rates (people, especially girls, not in school)

64
Q

DTM stage 3 economic/ societal indicators

A

–getting wealthier, high GDP
– long life expectancy
– low infant mortality
– TFR near replacement level (2.1)
– high literacy rate and school life expectancy for girls

65
Q

DTM stage 4 characterisistcs

A

-post industrialized/ highly developed
– highly developed
– increase in education
– CBR drops lower than CDC = steady or even declining pop

66
Q

DTM stage 4 economic/ societal indicators

A

– high GDP, very wealthy
– longest life expectancy
– TFR below replacement level
– highest contraceptive use rates

AP environmental science (6 decks)

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