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AP environmental science > APES Unit 5 > Flashcards

APES Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

clearcutting

A

cutting down most or all trees in an area

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2
Q

why clearcutting?

A

to harvest wood
clear the land for agriculutre or developement

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3
Q

slash and burn and why

A

trees are cut and the rest is burned down.
-fast, efficient, and economically profitable

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4
Q

direct affects of clearcutting

A

– incr. soil erosion
(no roots holding soil in place)
–incr soil and stream temperature
(loss of tree shade warms soil/water incr. turbidity)
– flooding and landslides
(machinery compacts soil) (incr sunlight dries out soil)
(all decr water holding capacity which cause flooding and landslides)

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5
Q

forest benefits

A

–filtering of air
(stomata removes VOCs, NO2, PM from air & stores in tree)
– removal & storage of CO2 from atm.
–habitat for organisms
– prevention of erosion

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6
Q

deforestation consequences

A

–reduces air filtering and carbon storage services
– cutting down trees releases CO2 from decomposition of left overt organic material
– slash& burn method releases CO2 into atm.

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7
Q

difference between deforestation and clearcutting

A

deforestation is no chance or will to regrow trees, removing forest for ever
clearcutting you can regrow trees in the future

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8
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

individuals will tend to use a shared public resource in their own self interest rather than condisering the common good, therby depleting the resource

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9
Q

tragedy of the commons examples

A

-overgrazing
- overfishing
-air/water pollution
-overuse of groundwater

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10
Q

why does the tragedy of the commons happen?

A

– when no one owns the resources, no one directly suffers the consequence of overusing it
– people assume others will overuse it if they don’t
– no penalty for overusing, degrading, polluting many public resources

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11
Q

how to solve tragedy of the commons?

A

–private land ownership (government or individual)
–fees or taxes for use EX permit for system for grazing, logging
– taxes, fines, criminal charges for pollution
Examples_ clean air act, clean water act,

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12
Q

the green revolution

A

shift in agriculture away from small, family owned farms to large, industrial-scale agribusinessess

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13
Q

what increases in the green revolution

A

mechanization, GMOs, irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides

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14
Q

green revolution pros and cons

A

+ greatly incr efficiency of lands, short-term profitabilty and food supply
+ decr. world hunger and incr. earth’s carrying capacity for humans
- soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, ground and surface water contamination, fossil fuel use

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15
Q

mechanization

A

increased use of machines for plowing, tilling, harvesting

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16
Q

mechanization pros and cons

A

+ increases yield and profits
- increases reliance on fossil fuels emits GHGs to atm
- heavy machinery also compacts soil, decreasing H20 holding capacity

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17
Q

HYV crops (high yield variety) pro

A

hybrid or genetically modified crops that produce a higher yield
+incr yield and food stability in regions previosly prone to famine

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18
Q

hybrid

A

cross-pollinatinig different parent plants with ideal traits

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19
Q

GMOs definitoin

A

crops with new genes “spliced” into their genome. have genes for drought tolerance, pest resistance, faster growth and larger fruit/grain

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20
Q

GMOs pros and cons

A

+ increases profitability with fewer plants lost due to drought, disease, pest
+ less land needed to grow the same amount of food
- GMO crops are all genetically identical so genetic diversity decreases and susceptibility to disease or pests is increased

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21
Q

GMO BT corn example

A

BT corn has been modified with a gene from soil bacteria to produce a protein that kills many diff corn pests

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22
Q

Synthetic fertilizer

A

shift from organic fertilizers (like manure and compost) to synthetic fertilizers (man made ammonium, nitrate, phosphate)

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23
Q

synthetic fertilizers pros and cons

A

+increases yield and profits with more key nutrients needed for plant growth added to the soil
+ can customize, doesn’t smell like manure, easy storage and application
- excess nitrate phosphate are washed off fields and into nearby waters where they cause eutrophication
- require Fosil Fuels for production releasing CO2

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24
Q

irrigation

A

drawing water from the ground or nearby surface waters and distributing it on fields to incr. plant growth

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25
Q

irrigation pros and cons

A

+ makes agriculutre possible in many parts of the world that are naturally to dry
- can deplete freshwater sources (aquifers, rivers)
- overwatering can drown roots and cause soil salinization

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26
Q

pesticides

A

increase in use of synthethic pesticides - chemicals sprayed on crops that kill weeds, insects, and other pests that eath or damage crops

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27
Q

pesticides pros and cons

A

+ icnreases yield and profits with fewer plants lost to pests
- can wash off into runoff and kill or harm non-target species in local soil or waters (bees especially)

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28
Q

monocropping pros and cons

A

+ highly efficient for harvest, pesticide and fertilizer application
- incr soil erosion
- decr habitat diversity for species living in the area
- can deplete soil nutrients unless crops are rotated

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29
Q

tilling

A

mixing and breaking up soil to make planting easier
-incr erosion by loosening top soil
- loss of organic matter & topsoil nutrients over time
- inc. particulate matter in air and sediments in nearby watter

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30
Q

slash and burn
loss of:

A

loss of habitat, biodiversity, CO2 sequestration, air pollution filtration

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31
Q

slash and burn consequences

A
  • releases CO2, CO, N2O
  • incr. PM in air (astma)
  • lowers albedo making area warmer
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32
Q

leaching

A

water carries excess nutrients into grounwater or into surfacewaters

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33
Q

leaching effects

A

contaminates groundwater for drinking
causes eutrophication of surface waters

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34
Q

global human water use

A

industrial 19%
municipal 11%
agriculture 70%

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35
Q

industrial

A

power plants, metal/plastic manufactering

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36
Q

municipal

A

households (toilet, shower, drinking water)

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37
Q

agriculture

A

water for livestock, irrigation water for crops

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38
Q

furrow irrigation

A

trench dug along crops & filled with water
-easy & inexpensive , water seeps into soil slowly
-66% efficient, 33% lost to runoff % evap

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39
Q

spray irrigation

A

ground or surface water pumped into spray nozzles
– more efficient than flood or furrow (75-95%)
– move expensive (requires energy for pumps & movement of sprinklers)

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40
Q

flood irrigation

A

flood entire field, easier but more disrupive plants
– can waterlog soil & drown plants
– 70% - 80% efficient, 20-30% lost to runoff/evap.

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41
Q

drip irrigation

A

most efficient, but also most costly
– over 95% efficient
– holes in hose allow water to drip out
– avoids waterlogging % conserves water

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42
Q

waterlogging

A

overwatering can saturate the soil, filling all pore space with water
– doesn’t allow air into pores, so roots can’t take 02 they need
– can stunt growth or kill crops

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43
Q

solution to waterlogging

A

drip irrigation, or soil aeration

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44
Q

soil aeration

A

poking holes or cores in soil to allow air in % water to drain

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45
Q

soil salinization

A

– groundwater used for irrigation has small amounts of salt, water evaporates and salt is left in soil. Over time it can reach toxic levels , dehyrdating plant roots and preventing growth

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46
Q

soil salinization solutions

A

drip irrigation, soil aeration, flushing with freshwater, using freshwater sources instead

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47
Q

groundwater

A

H20 stored in pore space of permeable rock & sediment layers

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48
Q

aquifers

A

useable groundwater deposits for humans
- replenished by groundwater recharge

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49
Q

unconfined vs confined aquifers

A

unconfined aquifers recharge quickly
confined aquifers are longer-term water deposits that recharge more slowly

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50
Q

salt water intrusion

A

excessive pumping near coast lowers water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into groundwater

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51
Q

cone of depression

A

forms when water table is lowered by excessive pumping, depleting water and drying nearby wells

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52
Q

how do pesticides cause pests to become resistant to pesticide?

A
  1. genetic diversity gives some pests resistant traits
  2. pesticide kills all the non-resistant ones (artificial selection)
  3. pesticide treadmill
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53
Q

pesticide treadmill

A

more pesticide or new pesticide must be used to kill pests due to resistance to original pesticide

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54
Q

pesticide impacts

A
  • decr. crop loss due to pest damage which incr. crop yield/profit
    -can kill or harm non-target species EX bees, ladybugs
    —DDT thinned shells of bird eggs, especially eagles
    -can persist in environment and lech into groundwater
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55
Q

pesticides :: GMOs, BT corn and Round Up Ready Crops

A

gene for pest resistant trait is added to the plant through genetic modification.
– BT corn with bacteria gene that produces BT crystals toxic to pests
–Round Up Ready crops are GM to be resistant to broad herbocide meaning roundup will kill weeds not crops

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56
Q

CAFOs stands for?

A

concentrated animal feeding operations

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57
Q

what are CAFOs

A

densely crowded method where animals are fed grain to raise them as quickly as possible

58
Q

CAFOs pros and cons

A

+maximizes land use and profit (most meat production per/ unit of area)
+ minimizes cost for consumers
- given antibiotics & growth hormones to prevent disease outbreak & speed meat production
- animals produce large volume of waste which can contaminate nearby surface or groundwater
- produces large amounts of CO2, CH4 (methane) and N20 (greenhouse gasses )

59
Q

manure lagoons

A

-large open pits for animal waste, (manure)
- waste contains: ammonia, hormones, antibiotics, E.coli
- heavy rain can flood lagoons and contaminate nearby surface with runoff and infiltrate into groundwater
- denitrification of ammonia in manure produces N20, (extremely powerful greenhouse gas)
- can be emptied and buried in landfills or turned into fertilizer pellets.

60
Q

E. coli –>
ammonia–>
antibiotics–>

A

E. coli is toxic to humans
ammonia causes eutrophication
antibiotics & growth hormones alter endocrine system of humans

61
Q

Free range grazing

A

animals graze on grass and grow at a natural rate without growth hormones

62
Q

Free range grazing pros and cons

A

+ no need for antibiotics with dispersed population
+ doesn’t require production of corn to feed animals
+ waste is dispersed over land naturally, acting as fertilizer instead of building up in lagoons
- requires more total land use / pound of meat produced
- more expensive for consumer

63
Q

overgrazing cons and solutions

A
  • too many animals grazing an area of land can remove all the vegetation
  • animals also compact soil, decr. H2) holding capacity
  • desertification can occur if plants are killed by overgrazing and soil is compacted so much that it can’t hold any water
    solution:
    rational grazing (moving animals periodically) can prevent overgrazing
    can even incr. grass growth by distributing manure and clipping
64
Q

inefficiency of meat

A

producing meat for humans to eat is far less efficient than producing plants in terms of energy, land, and wateruse

65
Q

inefficiency of meat Energy

A

all of the energy needed to plant, grow and harvest plants to feed to animals PLUS
– energy needed to bring water to animals
— energy needed to house animals
– energy needed to slaughter and package

66
Q

inefficiency of meat land

A

all of the land needed to grow plants to feed animals PLUS
– room the animals take up

67
Q

inefficiency of meat wateruse

A

all of the water for crops that animals eat PLUS
– the water the animals drink/use

68
Q

fisheries overfishing

A

populations of fish used or commercial fishing

69
Q

overfishing

A

harvesting fish at rate faster than they can be sustainably replenished

70
Q

what is overfishing caused by?

A

-modern fishing methods (seine nets, gill nets, bottom-trawling)
-growing global population
- subsidies and other economic incentives

71
Q

bottom trawling

A

especially harmful fishing method that involves dragging a large net along the ocean floor
-by-catch
-stirs up ocean sediment and destroys coral reefs
- decr. biodiversity by killing non-target species & removing coral reef habitat

72
Q

by-catch

A

unintended species like dolphins, wales and sea turtles that get caught in nets

73
Q

gill nets

A

wall of netting that hangs in the water column
- also an issue of by-catch, although large mesh nets are no longer allowed
- can lead to ghost nets (abandoned or lost nets)
- decr. biodiversity by killing non-target species, especially sea turtles

74
Q

fishing down the food web and trophic cascade

A
  • as we deplete large, predatory fisheries, we move down to smaller fish species
  • depletion of smaller fish pop. limits fishery recovery and decr. food supply of marine mammals and sea birds
75
Q

fishery collapse

A

-when overfishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery
-pop. may never recover from fishery collapse
-decr. genetic biodiversity of fish populations & species biodiversity of ocean ecosystem
economic consequences

76
Q

pop. may never recover from fishery collapse due to

A
  • decreased biodiversity
  • inability to find mates
  • inbreeding depression
77
Q

economic consequences of fishery collapses

A

–> lost income for fisherman
–> lost tourism dollars for communities

78
Q

ore

A

comercially valuable deposits of concentrated minerals that can be harvested and used as raw materials

79
Q

reserve

A

known amount of resource left that can be mined. usually measured in years left of extraction

80
Q

overburden

A

soil, vegetation & rocks that are removed to get an ore deposit below

81
Q

tailings and slag

A

leftover waste material seperated from the valuable metal or mineral ore (often stored in ponds @ mining site)

82
Q

surface mining

A

removal of overburden to access ore near surface.

83
Q

different types of surface mining

A

open pit
strip
mountain top removal
placer

84
Q

mountain top removal mining

A

especially damaging to landscape & habitats, streams nearby
- removal of vegetation
- habitat loss
- incr. stream turbidity
- incr pm in air

85
Q

subsurface mining

A

more expensive due to higher insureance and healthcare costs for workers.

86
Q

risks of subsurface mining

A

–poor ventilation leading to toxic gas exposure
–mine shaft collapse
– injury from falling rock
– lung cancer, asbestos, fires, explosions

87
Q

environmental impacts of mining acid mine drainage

A

rainwater leaks into abandones mine tunnels and mixes with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
–rainwater carries sulfuric acid into nearby streams or groundwater
– kills aquatic organisms

88
Q

methane release

A

coal mining releases methane gas from rock around coal.
- vented out of mine to prevent explosion
- GHG – climate change

89
Q

PM release

A

coal mining especially, releases lots of particles

90
Q

cyanide release

A

gold mining uses cyanide which can contaminate water

91
Q

environmental impacts of mining

A

– heavy machinery burns fossil fuels
–top soil erosion
– habitat loss
– erosion

92
Q

mine reclamation

A
  1. filling of empty mine shafts/hole
  2. restouring original contours of land
  3. returning top soil with acids, metals and tailings removed
  4. replanting native species to restore community
  5. continued monitoring of land
93
Q

impervious surfaces prevent

A

prevents groundwater recharge, causing precipitation to runoff into local bodies of water; incr. flooding can occur

94
Q

urbanization in coastal cities

A

can lead to salt water intrusion.

95
Q

trends in population (urbanization)

A

–people move from rural to urban areas for jobs, entertainment, cultural attractions
– urban areas are more densly populated, minimized driving, land use per person
– highest growth currently is suburban populatoin

96
Q

suburbs

A

less dense areas surrounding urban areas EX vail, oro valley, catalina foothills

97
Q

urban sprawl

A

population movement out of dense, urban centers to less dense suburban areas surrounding the city

98
Q

why urban sprawl:

A

–cheaper property
– cars make it easy to get to city
– domino effect
– decline in tax revenue = decrs. in city services
– abandoned homes create blight
– higher crime in urban areass

99
Q

solutions to urban sprawl

A

+ urban growth boundaries: zoning laws to prevent development beyond certain areas
+ public transport and walkable city design that attract residents to stay
+ mixed land use: residential, business and entertainment buildings all located in that same area
+ enables sense of place and walkabilty

100
Q

ecological footprint

A

the amount of land needed to provide all the resources used by a person. gha (global hectares)
includes: housing, food, goods, transportation

101
Q

difference between carbon and ecological footprint

A

ecological footprint includes carbon footprint. carbon footprint is the amount of CO2 produced per yeatr

102
Q

increases ecological footprint

A

– eating meat
– large house
– driving transportation
– flying
– purchasing lots of goods

103
Q

decreases ecological footprint

A

–carpool
– public transportation
– renewable energy
– electric vehicle
— less consumption, less travel, less energy use

104
Q

mitigate

A

reduce

105
Q

environmental consequences of urban runoff

A

–decreases infiltration
– rain washes pollutants into local surface waters

106
Q

pollutants and effects in urban runoff

A
  • salt (kills plants)
  • sediments (turbidity)
  • fertilizer (eutrophication)
  • oil & gasoline (suffocate fish/kill aqua. organisms
  • pesticides (kill non-target species)
  • trash
107
Q

solutions to urban runoff

A

permeable pavement
rain garden
public transport
building up, not out

108
Q

permeable pavement

A

+ designed to allow storm water to infiltrate and recharge groundwater
+ decr. runoff and pollutants carried to surface waters
+ decr. liklyhood of flooding during heavy rainfall
- more costly than traditional pavement

109
Q

rain garden

A

+ gardens/ trees planted in urban areas, especially surrounding a storm drain
+ decr. runoff by allowing it to soak into garden soil surrounding storm drain
+ decr. liklihood of flooding during heavy rainfall
++ creates habitat for pollinators, sense of place, stores CO2

110
Q

Public transport

A

more cars on road = more pollutants on streets to runoff
-motor oil
- gasoline
- antifreeze
- tire pieces
more cars = more parking lots (impervious surfaces)

111
Q

building up, not out architecture
“ Green Roof “ architecture

A

+ building vertically decr. impervious surfaces
+ can be combined with “Green Roof” or rooftop gardens to further decr. runoff
++ green roofs also sequesters CO2 and filters air pollutants

112
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

using a variety of pest control methods that minimize environmental disruption and pesticide use
-Biological (natural predators)
- mechanical (trapping, nets, weeding)
- chemical (pheromones, limited pesticide)

113
Q

biocontrol IPM

A

-introducing natural predators, parasite or competitor
- ladybugs for aphids
- spiders for many pest insects
- parasitic wasps for caterpillars

114
Q

crop rotation IPM

A

pests prefer one specific crop or crop family. they lay eggs in the soil so when larvae hatch they have preferred food source
– rotating crops can disrupt pests’s preferred food source
– disrupts weed growth because it prevents bare soil being taken over by weeds.

115
Q

intercroppping IPM

A

“Push- Pull system”
- PUSH plants emit volatile chemicals that naturally repel pests away from crop
- PULL plants emit chemicals that attract moths to lay eggs in them instead of the crop

116
Q

benefits of IPM

A

+ reduces death & mutation of non-target species EX eagle death (DDT) bee die-offs (glyphosate)
+ reduces effect on human consumers of produce EX many pesticides are carcinogens (cause cancer)
+ reduces contamination of surface & ground waters

117
Q

drawbacks of IPM

A
  • can be more time consuming & costly than just crop dusting pesticides EX researching specific pests & planting numerous species of crops
  • less likely to be effective
118
Q

Aquaculture benefits

A

+ requires only small amount of water, space & fuel
+ reduces risk of fishery collapse
+ doesn’t take up any land space (compared to beef, pork, chicken)

119
Q

aquaculture drawbacks

A
  • high density produces high concentration of waste (e. coli & eutrophication risks)
  • high density increases disease risk, which can be transmitted to wild population as well
  • may introduce non-native species or GMOs to local ecosystem if captive fish escape
  • fish are fed antibiotics which can contaminate water via their waste
120
Q

sustainability

A

consuming a resource or using a space in a way that does not deplete or degrade it for future generations EX using compost over synthetic fertilizer

121
Q

maximum sustainanbility yield

A

maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without reducing or depleting the resource for future use
- roughly 1/2 carrying capacity

122
Q

agricultural techniques that minimize erosion

A

contour plowing
terracing
perennial crops
wind breaks
no-till agriculture
strip cropping

123
Q

contour plowing

A

–plowing parallel to natural slopes of the land instead of down slopes. prevents water runoff and soil erosion
–forms mini terraces that catch water running off, conserving soil and water

124
Q

terracing

A

–cutting flat ‘platforms’ of soil into steep slopes
– flatness of terraces catches water & prevents it from becoming runoff and eroding soil

125
Q

perennial crops

A

–crops that live year round and are harvested numerous times
– longer, more established roots & prevention of base soil between harvest

126
Q

wind breaks

A

– using trees or other plants to block the force of the wind from eroding soil
– can be used as a source of firewood, fruit (income)
– can provide habitats for pollinators & other species

127
Q

no-till agriculture

A

–leaving left over crop remains in soil instead of tilling under
– adds organic matter to soil
– prevents erosion from loosened soil

128
Q

strip cropping

A

–another name for intercropping
– alternating rows of dense crops with rows of less dense crops to prevent runoff from eroding soil from less dense rows of crops

129
Q

agricultural techniques that improve soil fertility

A

crop rotation
green manure
limestone

130
Q

crop rotation improve soil fertility

A
  • replanting same crop continuosly depletes soil of the same nutrients
  • crop rotation can allow soil to recover from nitrogen-demanding crops like corn
  • legumes have nitrogen fixing bacteria that can return nitrogen to soil
131
Q

green manure

A
  • green manure is leftover plant matter form a cover crop
  • cover crop roots stabilize soil limiting top soil erosion
  • remains of cover crop left on field break down to release nutrients into soil
132
Q

cover crops

A

are crops planted in the off season between harvest and replanting of main crop to not have bare soil

133
Q

limestone

A
  • releases calcium carbonate which nutralizes soil
  • acidic soil has high H+ ion concentration that displaces nutrients from soil
  • acidic soil makes toxic metals more soluble in soil
    ++ calcium is a necessary plant nutrient as well
134
Q

rotational grazing

A

prevents overgrazing
– overgrazing can kill plants, compact soil, and lead to erosion of top soil
- can promote pasture growth at faster than normal rate
- clips grass back to length where growth is fastest and encourages deeper root growth

135
Q

ecologically sustainable forestry

A

forestry (using trees for lumber) that minimizes damage to ecosystems (habitat destruction, soil erosion, etc.
maximizes long term productivity of land and preserves forests for future generations

136
Q

what can you do sustainable forestry

A

selectively cutting certain trees, (biggest, oldest)
replanting species being logged

137
Q

sustainble practices

A

–reusing/ recycling wood, (furniture, decoration)
–wood chips as mulch for gardens and agricultural fields
–reforestation
–removing disseassed trees to prevent spread of infection

138
Q

reforestation

A

replanting of trees in areas that have previously been deforested

139
Q

fire suppresion

A
  1. stopping natural fires as soon as they start (which is bad)
  2. leads to more biomass buildup which is fuel for future fires making them worse
  3. monitoring fires instead can prevent fire damage and worse fires in the future
140
Q

prescibed burns

A
  1. dead biomass builds up which is fuel for large forest fires. when you burn it it releases stored nutrients into soil. dead trees = more susceptible to dissease
  2. small/ controlled fires burn lots of dead biomass which use up biomass preventing future forest fires later
  3. promotes nutrients recycling which are in dead biomass and are recycled = new growth

AP environmental science (7 decks)

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