APES Unit 1 Flashcards
Transpiration
The exhalation of water vapor through a plant’s stomata.
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation + Transpiration.
All of the water vapor in the air.
Biggest Carbon Reservoir
Sediments
Human impacts on the carbon cycle
We burn fossil fuels faster than they are remade. This causes an imbalance.
Marine Biomes, Ocean Zones
Intertidal zone,
Coastal zone,
Open ocean
Photic zone
Aphotic zone
runoff vs. infiltration
runoff the the water that goes ‘down a hill’ and ends in a body of water. Infiltration is water that gets soaked up into ground, only permeable ground allows this.
More Primary Productivity =
more diverse species
competition
mutualism
predation
commensalism
- (limits pop. size)
+ + (bacteria in human gut)
+ - (leapard eating giraffe)
+ 0 (epiphytes)
- (limits pop. size)
Photosynthesis process
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
eutriphication
humans add fertilizer to the soil, runoff caries it into bodies of water which have an algae bloom.
Phosphorus cycle reservoirs
rocks and sediments meaning it is a slow cycle
Why is phosphorus cycle different from other cycles?
There is no gas stage.
Freshwater biomes
Rivers and streams
lakes and ponds
Freshwater wetlands
Tropical Rainforest
Poor soil due to rapid cycle of nutrients
200cm of annual precipitation.
average temp. 28°C
Assimilation
Step 3 in nitrogen cycle.
Nitrates taken up by plants through roots. Animals then eat the plants.
Denitrification
Step 5 in nitrogen cycle.
Bacteria breaks down nitrate to N₂O and then to N₂ back in the atmosphere.
Nitrification
Step 2 in nitrogen cycle.
soil bacteria converts ammonia to nitrite then to nitrate.
ammonification
step 4 of nitrogen cycle.
Decomposers break down waste and biomass into ammonia which is added to the soil again.
nitrogen fixation
step 1 in nitrogen cycle.
N₂ is fixed to ammonia or nitrate.
Abiotic - through lightning
Biotic - bacteria in soil or on legume roots.
Uplifting (phosphorus cycle)
uplifting by tectonic movement.
Weathering (phosphorus cycle)
Phosphates are in bigger rocks which get broken down through erosion and weathering.
Assimilation (phosphorus cycle)
Plants absorb phosphorus from the soil through roots and incorporate it into their bodies. Animals then eat the plants.
Decomposition (phosphorus cycle)
Plants and animals die. Phosphorus is taken back into the soil.
Sedimentation (phosphorus cycle)
phosphates precipitate out of the water and sediments are compressed back into rocks.
Law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred. Some energy is ‘lost’ as heat. Energy is flowing through ecosystems transferring from one trophic level to another.
10% rule
Only 10% of energy is moving up each trophic level. 90% of energy is lost.
Nitrogen reservoirs and facts.
-biggest in atmosphere
-plants
-soil
-nitrogen in DNA
-Animals and plats can’t brake triple bonds of N2 meaning Nitrogen Fixation has to take place.
Taiga/ Boreal Forest
-Low nutrients in soil because mostly frozen
-Long dry winters
-Waxy needles on evergreen trees.
Tundra
-Low nutrients because of permafrost
-no trees due to short growing season
-0°C average temp.
Temperate Grasslands
-Deep nutrient rich soil
-Mod. precipitation
-Mod. rainfall
photosynthesis (carbon cycle)
Plants take in CO2 to make sugar/glucose.
Cellular respiration (carbon cycle)
Opposite of photosynthesis. CO2 is returned to atm.
Decomposition (carbon cycle)
Carbon is returned to soil broken down by fungi.
Direct exchange (carbon cycle)
Directly exchanging carbon from the ocean and atm.
Sedimentation (carbon cycle)
Some CO2 in ocean combines with calcium and sedimentation happens.
Temperate Rainforest
-High nutrients due to decaying leaves and organic matter
-Mossy moisture loving plant layer under the trees
-Long wet winters and short summers
Burial (carbon cycle)
largest reservoir, fossilized and burned.
Extraction (carbon cycle)
mining for fossil fuels.
Combustion(carbon cycle)
Burning fossils releasing CO2.
Terrestrial Biomes
Geographic region with similar climate and plant growth.
Growing season
Months with temp. over 0°C .
Lakes and ponds characteristics
-Standing bodies of water
-Key source of drinking water.
Calculating Primary Productivity
NPP=GPP-RL
NPP-
GPP-
RL-
Net Primary Productivity
Gross Primary productivity
Respiration Loss
Savanna
-Porous soil
-Mod. precipitation with seasonal droughts.
-Warm temperature.
Symbiosis
The condition of two species living together.
Inter-specific
vs. competition
Intra-specific
Inter- different species
Intra- same species.
Temporal Resource partitioning
Different species use same resource at diff. times.
EX. owls and hawks hunting at diff. times of day.
Spatial Resource partitioning
Different species use the same resource in diff. regions.
EX. Warblers sitting in diff. parts of the same tree.
Tragedy of the commons
Individuals overuse shared resources in their own self-interest rather than the common good therefore depleting the resource.
EX. Over-fishing, overgrazing
Morphological resource partitioning
Diff. shaped body parts.
EX. diff. shaped beaks on birds for eating diff. seeds.
Wetlands benefits
Prevent flooding
Provide habitats
High plant growth
Abiotic characteristics of aquatic biomes
Salinity
temperature
depth
flow
PP in lakes
Oligotrophic - low productivity high depth
Mesotrophic - moderate productivity
Eutrophic - algae lake
Deciduous Forest/ Temperate seasonal
-High nutrients due to decaying leaves
- Maple, oak and elm trees
-Cold winter and long growing season
Subtropical desert
-Sandy course soil
-Low nutrients lack of moisture
-Driest place on earth
-Extreme temp. very hot to very cold
Primary Productivity
The rate that solar energy is converted to glucose via photosynthesis.
Food chain vs
food web
food chain is linear chain of consumption.
Food web is a model showing two or more chains interconnected.
Scavenger
Detritivore
Decomposer
animal that feeds on decaying meet of other animals.
feeds on dead organic material
Decomposes organic material
Autotrophs
Self-nourishing organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis.
Biggest Freshwater reservoir
Glaciers and ice caps
lake zones
Littoral
Limnetic
Profundal
benthic
Rivers and streams characteristics
-Flow downhill
-High dissolved oxygen in faster flowing rapids.
-Slowdown near the ocean decr. O2 content.
Carbon sinks and sources
Oceans and plants
Fossil fuel combustion
Woodland/Chaparral/ scrub/ Mediterranean
-Low nutrients vulnerable to erosion
-Mod. precipitation
-Mod. temperature
-Few trees and grass
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