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AP environmental science > APES Unit 1 > Flashcards

APES Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transpiration

A

The exhalation of water vapor through a plant’s stomata.

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2
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Evaporation + Transpiration.
All of the water vapor in the air.

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3
Q

Biggest Carbon Reservoir

A

Sediments

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4
Q

Human impacts on the carbon cycle

A

We burn fossil fuels faster than they are remade. This causes an imbalance.

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5
Q

Marine Biomes, Ocean Zones

A

Intertidal zone,
Coastal zone,
Open ocean
Photic zone
Aphotic zone

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6
Q

runoff vs. infiltration

A

runoff the the water that goes ‘down a hill’ and ends in a body of water. Infiltration is water that gets soaked up into ground, only permeable ground allows this.

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7
Q

More Primary Productivity =

A

more diverse species

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8
Q

competition
mutualism
predation
commensalism

A
    • (limits pop. size)
      + + (bacteria in human gut)
      + - (leapard eating giraffe)
      + 0 (epiphytes)
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9
Q

Photosynthesis process

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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10
Q

eutriphication

A

humans add fertilizer to the soil, runoff caries it into bodies of water which have an algae bloom.

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11
Q

Phosphorus cycle reservoirs

A

rocks and sediments meaning it is a slow cycle

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12
Q

Why is phosphorus cycle different from other cycles?

A

There is no gas stage.

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13
Q

Freshwater biomes

A

Rivers and streams
lakes and ponds
Freshwater wetlands

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14
Q

Tropical Rainforest

A

Poor soil due to rapid cycle of nutrients
200cm of annual precipitation.
average temp. 28°C

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

Step 3 in nitrogen cycle.
Nitrates taken up by plants through roots. Animals then eat the plants.

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16
Q

Denitrification

A

Step 5 in nitrogen cycle.
Bacteria breaks down nitrate to N₂O and then to N₂ back in the atmosphere.

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17
Q

Nitrification

A

Step 2 in nitrogen cycle.
soil bacteria converts ammonia to nitrite then to nitrate.

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18
Q

ammonification

A

step 4 of nitrogen cycle.
Decomposers break down waste and biomass into ammonia which is added to the soil again.

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19
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

step 1 in nitrogen cycle.
N₂ is fixed to ammonia or nitrate.
Abiotic - through lightning
Biotic - bacteria in soil or on legume roots.

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20
Q

Uplifting (phosphorus cycle)

A

uplifting by tectonic movement.

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21
Q

Weathering (phosphorus cycle)

A

Phosphates are in bigger rocks which get broken down through erosion and weathering.

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22
Q

Assimilation (phosphorus cycle)

A

Plants absorb phosphorus from the soil through roots and incorporate it into their bodies. Animals then eat the plants.

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23
Q

Decomposition (phosphorus cycle)

A

Plants and animals die. Phosphorus is taken back into the soil.

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24
Q

Sedimentation (phosphorus cycle)

A

phosphates precipitate out of the water and sediments are compressed back into rocks.

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25
Q

Law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred. Some energy is ‘lost’ as heat. Energy is flowing through ecosystems transferring from one trophic level to another.

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26
Q

10% rule

A

Only 10% of energy is moving up each trophic level. 90% of energy is lost.

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27
Q

Nitrogen reservoirs and facts.

A

-biggest in atmosphere
-plants
-soil
-nitrogen in DNA
-Animals and plats can’t brake triple bonds of N2 meaning Nitrogen Fixation has to take place.

28
Q

Taiga/ Boreal Forest

A

-Low nutrients in soil because mostly frozen
-Long dry winters
-Waxy needles on evergreen trees.

29
Q

Tundra

A

-Low nutrients because of permafrost
-no trees due to short growing season
-0°C average temp.

30
Q

Temperate Grasslands

A

-Deep nutrient rich soil
-Mod. precipitation
-Mod. rainfall

31
Q

photosynthesis (carbon cycle)

A

Plants take in CO2 to make sugar/glucose.

32
Q

Cellular respiration (carbon cycle)

A

Opposite of photosynthesis. CO2 is returned to atm.

33
Q

Decomposition (carbon cycle)

A

Carbon is returned to soil broken down by fungi.

34
Q

Direct exchange (carbon cycle)

A

Directly exchanging carbon from the ocean and atm.

35
Q

Sedimentation (carbon cycle)

A

Some CO2 in ocean combines with calcium and sedimentation happens.

36
Q

Temperate Rainforest

A

-High nutrients due to decaying leaves and organic matter
-Mossy moisture loving plant layer under the trees
-Long wet winters and short summers

37
Q

Burial (carbon cycle)

A

largest reservoir, fossilized and burned.

38
Q

Extraction (carbon cycle)

A

mining for fossil fuels.

39
Q

Combustion(carbon cycle)

A

Burning fossils releasing CO2.

40
Q

Terrestrial Biomes

A

Geographic region with similar climate and plant growth.

41
Q

Growing season

A

Months with temp. over 0°C .

42
Q

Lakes and ponds characteristics

A

-Standing bodies of water
-Key source of drinking water.

43
Q

Calculating Primary Productivity

A

NPP=GPP-RL

44
Q

NPP-
GPP-
RL-

A

Net Primary Productivity
Gross Primary productivity
Respiration Loss

45
Q

Savanna

A

-Porous soil
-Mod. precipitation with seasonal droughts.
-Warm temperature.

46
Q

Symbiosis

A

The condition of two species living together.

47
Q

Inter-specific
vs. competition
Intra-specific

A

Inter- different species
Intra- same species.

48
Q

Temporal Resource partitioning

A

Different species use same resource at diff. times.
EX. owls and hawks hunting at diff. times of day.

49
Q

Spatial Resource partitioning

A

Different species use the same resource in diff. regions.
EX. Warblers sitting in diff. parts of the same tree.

50
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Individuals overuse shared resources in their own self-interest rather than the common good therefore depleting the resource.
EX. Over-fishing, overgrazing

51
Q

Morphological resource partitioning

A

Diff. shaped body parts.
EX. diff. shaped beaks on birds for eating diff. seeds.

52
Q

Wetlands benefits

A

Prevent flooding
Provide habitats
High plant growth

53
Q

Abiotic characteristics of aquatic biomes

A

Salinity
temperature
depth
flow

54
Q

PP in lakes

A

Oligotrophic - low productivity high depth
Mesotrophic - moderate productivity
Eutrophic - algae lake

55
Q

Deciduous Forest/ Temperate seasonal

A

-High nutrients due to decaying leaves
- Maple, oak and elm trees
-Cold winter and long growing season

56
Q

Subtropical desert

A

-Sandy course soil
-Low nutrients lack of moisture
-Driest place on earth
-Extreme temp. very hot to very cold

57
Q

Primary Productivity

A

The rate that solar energy is converted to glucose via photosynthesis.

58
Q

Food chain vs
food web

A

food chain is linear chain of consumption.
Food web is a model showing two or more chains interconnected.

59
Q

Scavenger
Detritivore
Decomposer

A

animal that feeds on decaying meet of other animals.
feeds on dead organic material
Decomposes organic material

60
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self-nourishing organisms that produce their own food via photosynthesis.

61
Q

Biggest Freshwater reservoir

A

Glaciers and ice caps

62
Q

lake zones

A

Littoral
Limnetic
Profundal
benthic

63
Q

Rivers and streams characteristics

A

-Flow downhill
-High dissolved oxygen in faster flowing rapids.
-Slowdown near the ocean decr. O2 content.

64
Q

Carbon sinks and sources

A

Oceans and plants
Fossil fuel combustion

65
Q

Woodland/Chaparral/ scrub/ Mediterranean

A

-Low nutrients vulnerable to erosion
-Mod. precipitation
-Mod. temperature
-Few trees and grass

66
Q

Hahahahahahahahahahahahahq

A

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AP environmental science (7 decks)

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