Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epi Entrance test > Entrance test 3 > Flashcards

Entrance test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus causes pneumonia.

A

f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus can infect ducks

A

f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ascites can be a clinical sign of Derzskys disease

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Derszys disease is caused by a polyomavirus

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus causes conjunctivitis

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus causes tiger stripes on the heart

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Typical clinical signs of the Derzsy’s disease are results of infection below 5 weeks of age

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infection below 5 weeks of age results in severe clinical signs of the Derzsy’s disease

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The primary site of replication of Derzsy’s disease virus is the gut

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus may induce diarrhea in growing geese.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Derzsy ǵs disease virus can cross into the egg

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Derzsy ǵs disease may occur both in geese and Muscovy chucks

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Goose parvovirus can spread both horizontally and vertically

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For prevention of goose parvovirus disease, both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are used.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

For prevention of Derzsy’s disease both live and inactivated vaccines are used.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Derzsy’s disease appears clinically most frequently in geese aged from one to four weeks.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Derzsy ǵs disease virus causes enteritis in growing geese

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Derzsy ǵs disease virus does not infect the egg.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Derzsy’s disease virus can infect ducks

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The duck parvovirus can infect goose

A

need to double check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The reproduction of the circovirus continuous in the dividing cells.

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The circovirus is too small so it’s a bad antigen

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The circovirus is a good antigen

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Circovirus infections are immune suppressive

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Circovirus can easily be cultured in different homologous cell lines

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Circoviruses can be cultured easily in many cell lines.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Resistance of circovirus is very low, in the environment they are inactivated within a day.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The resistance of Circoviruses is high, they remain infectious in the environment for several months.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Causes generalized lymphoid depletion.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Only causes the depletion of B-lymphocytes

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Canine circoviruses are present worldwide.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Circovirus are very resistant viruses

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The circovirus has circular RNA in its genome

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Swine circovirus causes lesions in multiple organs and strong immunosuppression.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Porcine circovirus vaccines are available both for sows and for piglets.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Detection of PCV2’s DNA is enough for the correct diagnosis.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Four species of swine circovirus were described.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The porcine circovirus 2 is proven to be immunosuppressive.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

PCV2 detection in foetal myocardium is pathognomic value

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Porcine circovirus replicates in the myocardium of the foetus

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause BFD

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The porcine circovirus can replicate in the foetus

A

NOT ANSWERED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The clinical signs, pathological and histopathological examination suggest PCV2 induced disease

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

PCV2 can cause respiratory signs

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The primer replication of PCV2 is in lymphoid tissues of the throat

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

PCV2 infection does not always cause clinical signs

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Porcine circovirus 2 always causes clinical signs in pigs

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Porcine circovirus 2 always causes clinical signs in cattle

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

There is no efficient vaccine against PCV2

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The porcine circovirus can replicate in the foetus

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Circovirus in pigs can be Subclinica

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Porcine circoviruses are responsible for a variety of clinical conditions

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Porcine circoviruses cannot be responsible for reproductive disorders

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Porcine circoviruses are present worldwide

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Porcine circovirus can be transmitted by mice and rats.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Porcine circoviruses cause severe haemorrhagic diseases in pigs

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Porcine circoviruses are genetically and antigenically uniform

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Porcine circoviruses may cause a variety of diseases

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

For prevention of Swine circovirus disease only general hygienic measures can be used.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Swine circovirus can cause retarded growth and strong immunosuppression.

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Swine circovirus caused disease occurs worldwide, it is frequent

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

For prevention of swine circovirus disease, inactivated vaccine is available.

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Swine circovirus causes only respiratory signs.

A

f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Swine circovirus may be shed in excretions for several months after recovery.

A

t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

For prevention of Porcine circovirus disease vaccines are available.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The incubation period of Porcine circovirus caused disease is about 2-4 weeks.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Incubation period of porcine circovirus disease is short, some days

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Porcine circovirus-2 causes clinical signs mainly after weaning.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be: Vaccines. The virus variant. Virus strain

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Predisposing factors for Porcine Circovirus associated disease can be Food management.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

PCV2 can cause: Enteric disorders. Disorders in the nervous system. Respiratory disease. Reproductions disorders.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Porcine circovirus-1 may damage the foetus.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Porcine circoviruses cannot be responsible for reproductive disorders.

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Porcine circoviruses replicate in the heart of the foetus.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Porcine circovirus may cause inapparent infections

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Circovirus can be responsible for the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Reproductive disorders caused by Porcine circoviruses are only significant in North America

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Circovirus cause skin lesions in swine.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

A clinical sign of PMWS can be a progressive weight loss

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

PMWS is a type 3 hypersensitivity

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

PMWS is a type 4 hypersensitivity

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

One of the most common pathological signs of PMWS is glomerulonephritis

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Typical pathological finding of PMWS is enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Typical pathological finding of PMWS is pneumonia

A

NOT ANSWERED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

A clinical sign of PMWS can be haemorrhages in the skin

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

In pigs the porcine circovirus 1 can cause PMWS

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause PDNS.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

One of the most common pathological signs of PDNS is glomerulonephritis

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

PDNS is an allergic disease.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

The appearance of PDNS is related to the good antigenicity of PCV2

A

T

92
Q

PDNS is a type III hypersensitivity

A

T

93
Q

PDNS is a type IV hypersensitivity

A

F

94
Q

PDNS may develop without porcine circovirus 2

A

T

95
Q

One of the most common clinical signs of PDNS is multifocal circular red skin disease

A

T

96
Q

Porcine dermatitis nephropathy can only be caused by circoviruses

A

F

97
Q

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome are only caused by PCV-2

A

F

98
Q

PDNS disease is an immunocomplex disease

A

T

99
Q

PDNS is only caused by PCV-1.

A

F

100
Q

PDNS does not occur in Hungary.

A

F

101
Q

PDNS occurs primarily in the weeks following the selection/weaning.

A

T

102
Q

PDNS is caused by both PCV-1 and PCV-2.

A

F

103
Q

PDNS is not caused by PCV

A

F

104
Q

PDNS has been widespread in Hungary in Hungary since 1998

A

T

105
Q

PDNS is a rare infection causing clinical signs only in piglets before weaning.

A

F

106
Q

PDNS is a frequent infection with clinical signs after weaning

A

T

107
Q

Prevention of PDNS is with live attenuated vaccines

A

F

108
Q

) Regarding PDNS, general preventative rules and recently inactivated or vector vaccination can be used.

A

T

109
Q

In pigs the porcine circovirus 2 can cause BFD

A

F

110
Q

Avian circovirus causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PMWS

A

T

111
Q

Avian circovirus causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PDNS

A

F

112
Q

The pigeon circovirus is not an important disease because the virus causes feather and beak deformitie

A

F

113
Q

The beak and feather diseases causes typically neurological signs

A

F

114
Q

In parrots porcine circovirus 2 causes the psittacine beak and feather disease

A

F

115
Q

The beak and feather disease can be acute problem

A

T

116
Q

Feather and beak deformities may appear after circovirus infection of geese and pigeons

A

T

117
Q

Beak and feather disease lesions are sometimes obvious only after molting

A

T

118
Q

Avian circovirus infections result high morbidity and low mortality.

A

T

119
Q

Pigeon circoviruses are antigenically uniform

A

F

120
Q

Pigeon circoviruses frequently appear in diseases together with other viruses and bacteria.

A

T

121
Q

Circovirus in geese and ducks can cause retarded growth and feather formation disturbances.

A

T

122
Q

Avian circoviruses do not cause clinical signs in domestic birds.

A

F

123
Q

In ducks and geese, Avian circoviruses can cause retarded growth and
immunosuppression

A

T

124
Q

Avian circoviruses can spread via breeder eggs.

A

T

125
Q

Avian circoviruses do not cause disease in wild birds.

A

F

126
Q

Avian circoviruses are species specific.

A

T

127
Q

Avian circoviruses can infect many poultry species.

A

T

128
Q

Avian circoviruses can cause retarded growth and immunosuppression

A

T

129
Q

Inactivated vaccines are used against pigeon circovirus infections

A

F

130
Q

Pigeon circovirus infections do not occur in Hungary, the disease is prevented by vaccination

A

F

131
Q

Circoviruses can infect pigeons.

A

T

132
Q

Vaccines are available for Pigeon Circoviruses.

A

F

133
Q

Clinical signs of PBFDV (Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus) are only seen at time of moulting.

A

F

134
Q

The chicken infectious anaemia virus is also commonly detected in goose

A

F

135
Q

Anaemia and haemorrhages are two important clinical signs of chicken anaemia.

A

T

136
Q

The chicken infectious anaemia is a chicken disease up to 1 month of age

A

T

137
Q

The chicken infectious anaemia virus causes only anaemia

A

F

138
Q

The chicken anaemia virus does not replicate in lymphoid progenitors

A

F

139
Q

There are vaccines available against chicken anaemia

A

T

140
Q

The chicken infectious anaemia is a disease of hens

A

F

141
Q

The chicken infectious anaemia causes clinical signs similar to those seen in PDNS

A

F

142
Q

Vertical infectious is not possible in chicken infectious anaemia

A

F

143
Q

Infection of day old chickens with the chicken anaemia virus leads to immune suppression

A

T

144
Q

Chicken anaemia virus is transmitted both horizontally and vertically.

A

T

145
Q

Atrophy of the thymus is a post mortem finding of Chicken Infectious Anaemia virus

A

T

146
Q

Infectious Chicken anaemia virus can cause clinical signs only in layer hens.

A

F

147
Q

Infectious chicken anaemia virus causes clinical signs in chicken of 1 to 4 weeks of age

A

T

148
Q

For prevention of infectious chicken anaemia, live attenuated vaccine is available

A

T

149
Q

Infection of day-old chickens with the chicken anaemia virus leads to immune suppression

A

T

150
Q

Chicken anaemia virus infection can result in high mortality of chickens over 3 weeks of age.

A

F

151
Q

In Chicken Infectious anaemia, most symptoms are observed in the first month

A

T

152
Q

Chicken Infectious anaemia involves destruction of the lymphoid and myeloid cells.

A

T

153
Q

Chicken Infectious anaemia virus induces apoptosis of activated T-cells

A

T

154
Q

Pigeons can be infected by Chicken Infectious anaemia virus.

A

F

155
Q

Chicken Infectious anaemia virus does not replicate in the thymus

A

F

156
Q

Chicken Infectious anaemia in day old chickens causes a long-lasting
immunosuppression.

A

T

157
Q

Chicken Infectious anaemia virus is a Gyrovirus.

A

T

158
Q

Chicken anaemia virus infection can cause death of chickens below 3 weeks of age.

A

T

159
Q

There is no vaccine available against papillomaviruses

A

T

160
Q

The sarcoid is caused by bovine papillomavirus

A

T

161
Q

In papillomavirus infection there is no viraemia

A

t

162
Q

Treatment of papillomavirus can be effective with autovaccine.

A

t

163
Q

Bovine papillomavirus can infect horse.

A

t

164
Q

Bovine papillomavirus is malign

A

f

165
Q

The sarcoid is caused by bovine papillomavirus

A

t

166
Q

The sarcoid is caused by equine papillomavirus

A

F

167
Q

The sarcoid is the disease of cattle

A

F

168
Q

Papillomaviruses replicates in the kidney

A

F

169
Q

Bovine papillomavirus can cause metastasis in horse

A

F

170
Q

Papillomaviruses cause cervical cancer in dogs

A

F

171
Q

The sarcoid is a disease of horse

A

T

172
Q

Papillomaviruses need keratin for replication

A

T

173
Q

Papillomavirus usually cause benign proliferation in epithelial cells

A

T

174
Q

Papilloma lesions often have a cauliflower like appearance

A

T

175
Q

Papilloma viruses usually cause local infections in epithelial cells.

A

T

176
Q

Papillomaviruses usually cause benign proliferations in epithelial cells

A

T

177
Q

Papilloma viruses, with some exceptions are species specific.

A

T

178
Q

Papillomaviruses can be cultured in epithelial cell lines.

A

F

179
Q

Papillomaviruses cause warts in the skin and mucous membranes

A

T

180
Q

There is no viraemia in papillomavirus infection.

A

T

181
Q

Treatment of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus can be effective with vaccine against circovirus.

A

F

182
Q

The haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus causes necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis

A

T

183
Q

The haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus causes glomerulonephritis

A

F

184
Q

The mortality of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus depends on age

A

T

185
Q

The primary replication of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus is in small intestine

A

T

186
Q

Tumours are caused by polyomavirus in mammals

A

T

187
Q

Polyomavirus never infects mammals

A

F

188
Q

Haemorrhagic enteritis is a polyomavirus

A

T

189
Q

Goose haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis cause death of goslings

A

T

190
Q

Goose haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis is frequent in ducks

A

F

191
Q

Haemotrhagic enteritis and nephritis virus can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally

A

T

192
Q

Haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis virus replicates in the blood vessel endothelium

A

T

193
Q

Haemorrhagic enteritis and nephritis of geese is only prevalent in France

A

F

194
Q

Polyomavirus infects parrots

A

T

195
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is caused by herpes viruses.

A

F

196
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is present worldwide.

A

T

197
Q

Goose polyomavirus causes haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis in all age groups

A

F

198
Q

Goose polyomavirus can cause haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis

A

T

199
Q

Goose polyomavirus caused disease clinically appears in young animals.

A

T

200
Q

Polyomaviruses can cause neoplasm in rodents.

A

T

201
Q

The resistance of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus is high.

A

T

202
Q

The clinical signs of the haemorrhagic nephritis virus appear mainly at 3-10 weeks of age.

A

T

203
Q

HNEG” (Hemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese) is common in France

A

T

204
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese started in Hungary and spread with Derzsy’s disease hyperimmune serum.

A

T

205
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese causes high mortality between 2-10 weeks.

A

T

206
Q

Muscovy ducks are also susceptible but remain symptomless for years with high titers

A

T

207
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese is caused by a Herpesvirus

A

F

208
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis are present worldwide.

A

T

209
Q

Haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese may spread both horizontally and vertically.

A

NOT ANSWERED

210
Q

Adenoviruses are resistant to detergents and lipid solvents

A

T

211
Q

Adenoviruses are resistant to detergents

A

T

212
Q

Adenoviruses are enveloped viruses, therefore they are sensitive to detergents

A

F

213
Q

Adenoviruses are arboviruses.

A

F

214
Q

Adenoviruses are not too resistant enveloped viruses

A

F

215
Q

Adenoviruses have mostly a broad host spectrum (euryxen pathogens)

A

F

216
Q

Adenoviruses are poor antigens

A

F

217
Q

There is no cross reactivity and cross protection among adenoviruses within genera

A

F

218
Q

There are no serological cross-reactions between different adenovirus species.

A

F

219
Q

Adenovirus infections always result in severe disease

A

F

220
Q

lntranuclear inclusion bodies are frequently seen in adenovirus-infected tissues

A

T

221
Q

In immunocompromised foals equine adenoviruses may cause severe respiratory disease

A

T

222
Q

Several adenoviruses of domestic animals are zoonotic agents

A

F

223
Q

Adenoviruses usually cause central nervous diseases with high lethality

A

F

224
Q

Only attenuated vaccines can be applied for immunization against adenoviruses.

A

F

225
Q

Crowded keeping conditions may facilitate the spread of adenoviruses in a population.

A

T

226
Q

Adenoviruses infect only mammalian hosts.

A

F

Epi Entrance test (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions