Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Study Cards > Entomology Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Entomology Midterm #2 Flashcards

Lectures 8-13

1
Q

what is the main toxic element produced from amino acid metabolism?

A

nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three methods of packing nitrogen?

A

ammonium, urea, uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the disadvantages of the ammonium method of oxygen packing?

A

very toxic, requires a lot of water to rid the body of this waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what two methods of oxygen packing are relatively non-toxic?

A

urea and uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are Malpighian tubules?

A

the “kidney” of insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do malpighian tubules look like?

A

long, thin tubules (2-200) that wave freely in haemolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of Malpighian tubules?

A

filter and remove wastes (especially nitrogenous products), and absorption of amino acids, salt, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do Malpighian tubules empty their secretions?

A

into the gut at midgut-hindgut junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the end product of breakdown in malpighian tubules?

A

ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in most terrestrial insects what is ammonia converted into?

A

uric acid (insoluble and crystallized out easily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does uric acid move out of haemolymph into Malpighian tubules?

A

passive diffusion (down its concentration gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the lining in Malpighian tubules do?

A

protects rectal cells from relatively large amounts of toxic material in faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are the anal lobes/ anal papillae located in mosquitos?

A

rear end of the larva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of anal lobes/ anal papillae?

A

absorb salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do the size of anal lobes vary?

A

based on the concentration of salt in the rearing medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is metabolic water produced?

A

when sugars are broken down into energy, carbon dioxide, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the three different feeding strategies?

A

phytothagnous - plant eating
saprophagnous - dead or decaying organic matter
carnivorous - meat eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some physical defences that provide challenges to digestion?

A

hooks, spines, trichomes, tough leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the three types of challenges when it comes to digestion?

A

chemical, physical, low nitrogen levels or low nitrogen/ water levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what problems do sap feeding insects face when ingesting huge amounts of water?

A

overloads digestive systems, dilutes enzymes, dilutes haemolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do fat bodies consist of?

A

loose aggregation of cells invested in connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are fat bodies concerned with?

A

fat metabolism and metabolism of sugars and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of regulation are fat bodies involved in?

A

hormone regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the four functions of fat bodies?

A
  1. metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids and proteins
  2. regulation of blood sugar
  3. synthesis of haemolymph proteins
  4. storage os fats, proteins, and glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the trachea?

A

a ventilation system where air enters the body through spiracles and are carried through the body by increasingly fine branching structures to within 3-4 cells of all parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what amount of spiracles are present through out an insects body?

A

max of 2 pairs in thorax and max of 8 pairs in abdominal segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how is air carried through the body by spiracles?

A

by increasingly fine branching structures to within 3-4 cells of all parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is insect blood not involved with

A

gas transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does diffusion account for

A

gaseous requirements of tissues in most insects at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how does the insect pump air when at activity or when it is simply larger in size?

A

pumps air in and out through tracheal system by collapsing and expanding air sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how are tracheae formed?

A

invagination of the ectoderm and are thus lined with cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the first region that is supplied with oxygen?

A

head region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where are spiracles that supply wing muscles?

A

isolated from rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is an advantage to spiracles that supply wing muscles being isolated?

A

large amounts of Co2 produced in flight are largely confined to the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the spiracular entrance lined with?

A

hairs to keep dust out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why are spiracles generally kept shut for short amounts of time?

A

to prevent water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is opening of spiracles controlled by?

A

CO2 production in haemolymphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

when do spiracles become more resistant to opening?

A

if water levels are low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when are cuticular linings of trachea shed?

A

after each moult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

immediately after a moult, what are there spiracles filled with?

A

water. later replaced by gas (gas does not enter through spiracles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how does a cuticle change

A

changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic as it becomes tanned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is forced out when cuticle changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is the tympanic organ generally backed by

A

air sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is sound produced through the tympanic organ?

A

allows vibration of organ which produces sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how do aquatic insects obtain air?

A

get it from the air (when they resurface) or from dissolved air in the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how is air held underwater in diving beetles?

A

under elytra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is a plastron?

A

a permanent bubble which is a film of thin air on outside of body held by specialized hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

plastron function?

A

permanent interface between water and air, acts like a grill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are gills?

A

leaf0like structures of very thin cuticle with a network of tracheoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is pudding in butterflies (male specifically)?

A

sipping moisture from mud puddles to take in salts and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what do male butterflies do with the extra salts and minerals obtained from pudding?

A

incorporates them into their sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are ganglion?

A

bundles of neurons from which peripheral nerves run to sense organs, muscle system, internal organs, and secretory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what makes up an insects brain?

A

fused ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how many ganglia are in each body section?

A

3 in head, 5 in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are thoracic ganglia important for?

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are abdominal ganglia important for?

A

digestion, excretion, and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is a neurosecretory function?

A

secretion of hormones which initiate events like moulting, sexual maturation, and diapause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

how do muscles contract?

A

ganglia send signals through nerve cells causing them to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

how many neurons does an insect brain have?

A

~200,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are dendrites?

A

cell bodies where nuclei are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are ganglia formed from?

A

aggregated neurons that come together to form ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what forms nerves?

A

bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are action potentials?

A

nerve impulses that are conducted along axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

how can Neve impulses be enhanced or suppressed?

A

by regular inputs received from dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what does it mean when insect neurons are unipolar?

A

the neurons have only single axonal projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what neurons are bipolar and multipolar?

A

bipolar = some sensory neurons
multipolar = neurons in brain and stretch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the three types of neurons?

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are unipolar neurons? and what do they stimulate?

A

have only one structure that extends away from the cell body. stimulates muscles or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what do bipolar neurons do?

A

receive signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits the signals to ganglion cells which take them to the brain
(photoreceptor cell signal -> bipolar neuron -> ganglion cells -> brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what do multipolar neurons do and what is their structure?

A

may be found between sclerites to detect “stretching”. many extensions but only one axion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what are afferent (sensory) neurons? and what is their function?

A

dendrites associated with sense organs or receptors.
function: carry info to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what type of neurons are afferent neurons?

A

bipolar or multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are efferent (motor) neurons?

A

unipolar cells which conduct signals away from the CNS and stimulate muscle and glandular responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what are interneurons (association) neurons?

A

unipolar cells (with several branching axons) that conduct signals within the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

where do individual neurons connect?

A

synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what is the process of synaptic transmission?

A

1) nerve impulse reaches synapse
2) chemical messenger released
3) neurotransmitter diffusion across synapse
4) potential membrane potential change in dendrites of one or more connecting neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what are the two types of postsynaptic neurons?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what are the four neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what do neurotransmitters do?

A

transmit nerve impulses and stimulate muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is the only “solid: organ in the insect body?

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

where isn haemolymph not present?

A

inside the ganglia

82
Q

where do nutrients and wastes diffuse across?

A

a sheath that covers the ganglia

83
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

paired ganglia connected to each other along a ventral nerve cord

84
Q

what does the ventral nerve cord consist of?

A

paired segmental ganglia running along the ventral midline of the thorax and abdomen

85
Q

what is the protocerebrum associated with?

A

vision, ganglia innervate the compound eyes and ocelli

86
Q

what does the deutocerebrum do?

A

processes sensory information collected by antennae

87
Q

what are the two things the tritocerebrum does?

A

1) innervation of the labrum and integrates sensory inputs from photo and deutocerebrums.
2) links brain and stomatodeal nervous system that controls internal organs

88
Q

what does the protocerebrum have?

A

large lobes associated with the eyes

89
Q

what are optic lobes?

A

link between the receptor surfaces of the compound eyes and the brain

90
Q

what function do antennal lobes have?

A

receive input from millions of olfactory receptors and integrate taste and smell info

91
Q

what are mushroom bodies?

A

“higher” centres in the insect brain, where learning, memory, and integration occur

92
Q

what do neurosecretory cells do?

A

produce peptide hormones that regulate endocrine and homeostatic functions in insects

93
Q

what do corpora cardiaca and corpora allata do?

A

both secrete hormones. corpora allata produces juvenile hormone

94
Q

what does the subesophageal region consist of?

A

fused neural elements from three primitive body segments that merges with the head to form mouthparts

95
Q

what 6 things does the subesophageal region innervate?

A

mandibles, maxillae, labium, hypopharynx, salivary glands, and neck muscles

96
Q

what is the stomatogastric (stomatodeal) visceral nervous system associated with?

A

brain, salivary glands, and foregut

97
Q

what is another name fro the visceral nervous system (VNS)?

A

sympathetic nervous system

98
Q

what is the ventral VNS associated with?

A

ventral nerve cord

99
Q

what is the caudal VNS associated with?

A

posterior segments of abdomen

100
Q

what does the stomatogastric (stomatodeal) VNS innervate?

A

innervates internal organs

101
Q

what does the hypocerebral ganglion innervate?

A

insect heart

102
Q

what does the frontal ganglion innervate?

A

pharynx and muscles associated with swallowing

103
Q

what does the recurrent nerve do?

A

connects frontal ganglion with a hypocerrebral ganglion. this innervates the heart corpora cardiaca, and portions of the foregut

104
Q

what does various sensory neurons or receptors differ in?

A

receptor specificity and receptor sensitivity

105
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do?

A

detect movements, vibrations, or other mechanical disturbances

106
Q

what are examples of mechanoreceptors?

A

tactile receptors, prioreceptors, sound receptors

107
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

detect the presence of chemical substances in the air (smell) or on substrates (tase)

108
Q

examples of chemoreceptors?

A

taste receptors on palms, antennal sensillia

109
Q

what do photoreceptors to?

A

detect the presence and quality of incident light (electromagnetic radiation)

110
Q

examples of photoreceptors?

A

compound eyes and ocelli

111
Q

what are feeding stimulants in eg 1a feeding?

A

nutritional factors (sucrose, amino acids) and token stimuli (ATP in blood-feeders, secondary plant compounds)

112
Q

what is feeding cessation in eg 1a feeding?

A

sensory habituation and gut stretch

113
Q

what is 1b feeding?

A
  • labium encloses “needle-like stylets”,
  • large food canal + small salivary canal,
  • labium does not enter skin
114
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

outer pair of mandibles + outer pair of maxillae

115
Q

what is a phagostimulant?

A

token stimuli (ATP in blood feeders, secondary plant compounds)

116
Q

what is diptera?

A

true flies, aka “two-winged flies”

117
Q

what does holometabolous mean?

A

undergo complete metamorphoisis

118
Q

what is the cycle of complete metamorphosis?

A

egg, larve, pupa, adult

119
Q

what are the three suborders of diptera?

A

nametocera (long-horned flies)
brachycera (short horned flies)
cyclorrhapha (circular seamed flies or aristate antennal flies)

120
Q

what is vermiform (maggots)?

A

no legs or distinct capsule, mouthparts reduced to “mouth hooks”

120
Q

what is culciform?

A

head capsule with chewing mouthparts

121
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of diptera?

A

antenna, legs, wing venation, and chaeotaxy

122
Q

what is chaeotaxy?

A

arrangement of bristles especially on head and thorax

123
Q

what are larve like in suborder nematocera?

A

aquatic with well-developed head capsules and mandibulate mouthparts

124
Q

what are pupa like in suborder nematocera?

A

obtect (appendages adhere to the body wall

125
Q

what mouthparts do adult nematocerans have?

A

haustellate

126
Q

what do male and female nematocerans feed on?

A

female: blood and sugars
male: sugars only

127
Q

what are the 10 families in order diptera?

A

culicidae - mosquitos
simuliidae - black flies
chironomidae - non-biting midges
tipulidae - crane flies
tabanidae - horse and deer flies
asilidae - robber flies
muscidae - house flies
syrphidae - hover and flower flies
drosophilidae - fruit flies
callliphoridae - blow flies

128
Q

what is haemolymph?

A

insect blood

129
Q

what is the appearance of haemolymph?

A

colourless or slightly green or yellow fluid

130
Q

what does haemolymph consist of?

A

fluid or plasma portion (90%) and a cellular portion of haemocytes and a high concentration of free amino acids

131
Q

what is trehalose?

A

insect blood sugar

132
Q

what are the 9 functions of haemolymph?

A

lubrication, hydraulic fluid, transportation & storage, protection, detoxification, coagulation and plasma precipitation, non-cellular protective factors, heat transfer, reflex bending

133
Q

what is the ptilinum?

A

a vesicular organ on the front of the head of flies that aids in rupturing the pupa case

134
Q

how does thermoregulation happen?

A

if cold: heartbeat slows so heat stays in thorax
if warm: flight muscles generate heat and heart beat increases

135
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects have?

A

open

136
Q

where do metabolic wastes go after circulatory system?

A

Malpighian tubules

137
Q

what are Ostia

A

pores in the heart through which blood enters

138
Q

how is blood directed anteriorly?

A

through peristalsis

139
Q

how is blood circulated?

A

undulatory movement from diaphragm, accessory pulsatile structures, and visceral & body movements

140
Q

where do accessory structures help pump blood to?

A

down into legs, wings, and antennae

141
Q

what is the dorsal vessel?

A

functional insect heart and supported by alary muscles

142
Q

what are ostioles?

A

pairs of holes in each segment that allow for haemolymph to be sucked into the vessel with each contraction

143
Q

where is the ventral diagram located?

A

above the ventral nerve chord

144
Q

how does the ventral diaphragm help to pump blood?

A

acts with thoracic pulsatile organs to pump blood anterior end to posterior end

145
Q

what is another word for diaphragms?

A

septa

146
Q

what is the function of homeopoietic organs?

A

serve to produce some of the homocytes and serve as phagocytosis centres

147
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

the process of a phagocyte cell (white blood cell) engulfing the entirety of another cell or particle

148
Q

what aids in backwards flow of haemolymph?

A

undulations of ventral diaphragm

149
Q

where is circulation fast and slow?

A

fast: dorsal vessel
slow: appendages

150
Q

where does haemolymph circulate through insect wings?

A

anterior veins and return to thorax via anal veins

151
Q

what is tidal flow?

A

all wing veins filling and emptying at the same time

152
Q

what can hemocytes phagocytose?

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, rickettsias

153
Q

what is the aorta?

A

the anterior portion of the dorsal vessel that does not have ostia and is slightly narrower than the heart

154
Q

what is the heart?

A

the posterior portion of the dorsal vessel that bears alary muscle and ostia

155
Q

how many Ostia are there in insects?

A

number of ostia varies between 2 and 12, depending on the taxon

156
Q

how do insects avoid freezing?

A

carbohydrates and cryoprotectants (e.g., glycerol and sorbitol) lower freezing point of the hemolymph

157
Q

what do the testes consist of?

A

a number of testicular follicles (sperm tubes), which can vary from 1 in some beetles to over 100 in locusts

158
Q

what are the testes connected to?

A

vas deferensand paires seminal vessels and a medial ejaculatory duct

159
Q

what happens to sperm after they are transferred to the female spermatheca?

A

undergo further changes to become functional

160
Q

how is sperm passed through the ejaculatory duct?

A

through the aedeagus

161
Q

what happens to the nutrients that are deposited by males into females?

A

the nutrients are reabsorbed and go towards helping mature the oocytes

162
Q

what are the 4 functions of the accessory gland fluid?

A
  1. help form spermatophore
  2. maintains sperms
  3. chemical prevention for other males to impregnate female
  4. females store fluid in her body so accessory gland will provide nutrients to keep sperm alive
163
Q

what do ovarioles produce?

A

oocytes (eggs)

164
Q

how are eggs fertilized in some insects?

A
  1. eggs dropped down from calyx end of ovarioles into oviducts
  2. eggs are fertilized as they pass through genital chamber
165
Q

where are oocytes contained?

A

germanium

166
Q

how are eggs provided with yolk?

A

undergo division and proceed into the vitellarium

167
Q

what is a yolk composed of?

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and RNA

168
Q

what is yolk deposition called?

A

vitellogenesis

169
Q

what are yolk proteins derived from?

A

female haemolymph

170
Q

what is the function of accessory gland fluid in ants?

A

pheromones used in marking trails are produced by these glands

170
Q

function of accessory glands in Hymenoptera?

A

produce venom which paralyzes their prey

170
Q

what can cause an egg to be reabsorbed?

A

inadequate amount of yolk acquired or if fertilization does not occur

171
Q

what are the 5 types courtship behaviour?

A

smell (pheromones), vision (wing colouration), hearing (Orthoptera calling), touch/ tactile

172
Q

how do sex pheromones work in Lepidoptera?

A

secreted by females to attract potential mates. males have special plumose antennae which allow them to detect the pheromone back to its source

173
Q

4 types of sound production for mating?

A
  1. grasshoppers rubbing forewings across hindwing
  2. katydids rubbing their wings together
  3. cicadas abdominal tymbal in males
  4. green grasshopper male rubs hind leg against wings (generates species specific song)
174
Q

how does female choice happen in mating?

A

female eggs are more “valuable” than male contribution

175
Q

how does sperm transfer happen in primitive (wingless) insects?

A

sperm is not directly transferred. left on ground in spermatophore for female to pick up

176
Q

what is the aedeagus?

A

intromittent organ

177
Q

what happens during intromission (insertion)?

A

male holds female with claspers (derived from cerci) or ninth abdominal segment)

178
Q

in Odonata where does mating generally occur?

A

during flight

179
Q

how long does copulation generally take?

A

few seconds to hours

180
Q

what is a mating plug?

A

a structure that locks inside a female and ensures that male semi cannot be scraped out nor can the female mate again for a specific amount of time after

181
Q

what insects form a mating plug?

A

mosquitos and butterflies

182
Q

what insects leave “anti-aphrodesiac”?

A

heliconius

183
Q

what insects stay with the female until she oviposits?

A

Odonata

184
Q

what is the structure of an insect egg?

A

chorion exoskeleton, micropyle for sperm entry, aeropyle for O2 penetration, fertilized vie micropyle

185
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

mitotic divisions

186
Q

what does an ovipositior enable a female to do?

A

deposit her eggs into plant an animal tissue

187
Q

what two receptors do ovipositors have?

A

mechanoreceptors and odour receptors

188
Q

how do females in honeybees and wasps lay eggs?

A

egg emerges from a pore beneath the sting

189
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

asexual reproduction

190
Q

what is oviparous?

A

egg laying (abandoned) with sufficient Yolk for embryological development

191
Q

what is ovoviviparous?

A

sufficient yolk but stays inside mother until hatched

192
Q

what is viviparous?

A

low yolk levels, mother supplies nutrients until live birth

193
Q

what is oestrus ovis?

A

lays 1st instar larvae into nasal cavities of sheep and goats

194
Q

sex chromosomes in bisexual insects?

A

female: xx
male: xy or xo

195
Q

what are the sex chromosomes like in Lepidoptera and trichopteran?

A

female: xy or xo
male: xx

196
Q

how are males produced in Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera, and some Homoptera?

A

unfertilized eggs (produced through haplodiploidy)

197
Q
A

Study Cards (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions