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Study Cards > Entomology Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Entomology Midterm #1 Flashcards

Lectures 1-7

1
Q

members of class Chelierata

A

spiders, ticks, scorpions

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2
Q

members of class Diplopoda

A

millipedes (2 pairs of legs per segment)

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3
Q

members of class Chilopoda

A

centipedes

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4
Q

members of class crustacea

A

lobster, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles

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5
Q

what is chitin

A

long chain of polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, a derivative of glucose

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6
Q

what is the ventral nerve cord

A

numerous ganglia along cord and associated with segments

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7
Q

what is an apterygote

A

a wingless insect

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8
Q

what are the three body regions

A

head, thorax, abdomen

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9
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects have

A

open - haemocoel

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10
Q

how do insects breath

A

with a spiracle/ tracheal system

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11
Q

describe the nervous system of insects

A

complex nervous system with a fair degree of encephalization

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12
Q

what is the chitinous cuticle reinforced with

A

proteins to form muscle attachments

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13
Q

what is an exopterygota

A

an insect that develops wings externally

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14
Q

what is an endopterygote

A

an insect that develops its wings internally

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15
Q

what is order dermaptera

A

earwigs

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16
Q

what is order Isoptera

A

termites

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17
Q

what is order mantoidea

A

mantids

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18
Q

what is order blattodea

A

cockroaches

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19
Q

what is order Hemiptera

A

true bugs

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20
Q

what is order Homoptera

A

cicadas, hoppers, aphids

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21
Q

what is order Coleoptera

A

beetles

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22
Q

what is order Hymenoptera

A

ants, bees, wasps

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23
Q

what is order Lepidoptera

A

butterflies and moths

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24
Q

what is order diptera

A

true flies

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25
Q

what mouth parts does a grasshopper have

A

chewing mouthparts

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26
Q

what mouthparts do order Lepidoptera have

A

coiled proboscis used to siphon nectar when extended

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27
Q

how many ganglion are in the head

A

5 ganglion per section

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28
Q

how many ganglion are in the thorax

A

3 ganglion

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29
Q

what is the purpose of ganglia in the abdominal section

A

to connect each leg and nerves

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30
Q

what are the 5 head appendages

A

antennae, labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium

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31
Q

what are the four mouthparts derived from legs

A

labrum, mandibles, maxillae, and labium

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32
Q

what does the head capsule house

A

brain, mouth opening, mouthparts, and major sense organs (antennae, compound eyes, and ocelli)

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33
Q

what head appendages are posterior to the mouth and what is anterior to the mouth

A

labium, mandibles, maxillae, and labium are posterior and hypopharynx is anterior

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34
Q

what is plesiomorphic

A

mandibulate or chewing mouthparts (400 million years ago) with mandibles operating side-to-side

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35
Q

what is apomorphic

A

adaptation to ingesting solid food, filtering particulates from water, siphoning liquid foods and sponging liquid foods; includes haustellate mouthparts

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36
Q

what are the three different mouthpart positionings

A

hypothagnous, prothagnous, opistothagnous

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37
Q

what is hypothagnous

A

downwards directed mouthparts

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38
Q

what is prothagnous

A

forward facing mouthparts

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39
Q

what is opistothagnous

A

mouthparts are directed posteriorly

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40
Q

lacinia function

A

has teeth on inner edge to aid with chewing

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41
Q

what covers Lacinia when mouth closed

A

galea

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42
Q

what is a palpus used for

A

feeling

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43
Q

what is a palp

A

a segmented extension

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44
Q

what is an axillary palp

A

a small feeler-like structure arising from the maxilla

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45
Q

function of axillary palp

A

sensory function

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46
Q

what is a labium

A

the so-called lower lip, fused along the midline

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47
Q

what are the segments of the labium

A

glossa and paraglossa

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48
Q

what is a labial palp

A

one of a pair of small feeler-like structures arising from the labium

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49
Q

what is the cibarium

A

food cavity

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50
Q

what is the cibarium between

A

labrum and hypopharynx

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51
Q

what is the preoral cavity created by

A

Labrum, Cyprus, and labium

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52
Q

two major types of mouthparts

A

mandibulate and haustellate

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53
Q

what is mandibulate mouthparts

A

chewing and biting. generally mix saliva with food to aid swallowing

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54
Q

what is haustellate mouthparts

A

primarily used for “sucking up” liquids

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55
Q

what are coiled proboscis made up of

A

elongated galea of 2 maxillae

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56
Q

how many eyes do insects have

A

three simple ocelli and two larger compound eyes

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57
Q

what are stemmata

A

groups of lateral ocelli when compound eyes absent

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58
Q

what do ocelli not do

A

they do not form images. light sensing only

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59
Q

what is a biconvex

A

cuticular lens to transmit light to sensory cells beneath

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60
Q

structure of compound eyes

A

hundreds of hexagonal facets facing slightly different directions from its neighbours

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61
Q

how is a facet connected to the brain

A

each facet has its own optic nerve

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62
Q

do compound eyes produce images

A

On their own they do not produce images. Each facet generates information on colour and intensity of light

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63
Q

how is quality of image determined with compound eyes

A

determined by resolution (number of facets) of the eye and the insects distance

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64
Q

disadvantages of compound light

A

cannot find a mate using visual cues alone and poor images at a distance

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65
Q

two types of compound eyes

A

apposition and superposition

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66
Q

difference between apposition and superposition eyes

A

An apposition eye is well suited for vision in bright light, whilst superposition eyes are typically found amongst nocturnal insects

67
Q

generalized form of antennae

A

filament

68
Q

what is a setaceous antennae

A

bristlelike, with segments becoming thinner distally (e.g., dragonfly, cockroach)

69
Q

what is a filiform antennae

A

threadlike, with segments uniform in size. Typically, cylindrical (e.g., ground beetle)

70
Q

what is a moniliform antennae

A

similar to a string of beads, with segments (spherical) of similar size. (e.g., termite)

71
Q

what is a serrate antennae

A

saw-like. segments more are less triangular, especially in the distal portion (e.g., click beetle)

72
Q

what is a clubbed antennae

A

there are several types of clubbed antennae. the segments increase in diameter distally

73
Q

what are the three types of clubbed antennae

A

lamellate, capitate, and clavate

74
Q

what is a geniculate antennae

A

elbowed, where the first segment is long and the following segments are smaller and at an angle (e.g., ant)

75
Q

what is a plumose antennae

A

feathery. most segments have whorls of log hair attached (e.g., male mosquito)

76
Q

what is an aristate antennae

A

the final segment is typically enlarged and has a conspicuous dorsal bristle known as the arista. (e.g., syrphid fly)

77
Q

what is a stylite antennae

A

the last segment has an elongate terminal finger-like process, known as the style (e.g., robber fly)

78
Q

what is a pectinate antennae

A

comb-like. most flagellar segments with long, slender lateral processes (e.g., fire coloured beetle)

79
Q

what function do antennae serve

A

strictly sensory

80
Q

what function do mechanoreceptors have

A

detecting movement in the environment. provides sensory input about the position or orientation of the body and its appendages

81
Q

what are mechanoreceptors innervated by

A

sensory neurons which fire when bent, stretched, compressed, or vibrated

82
Q

how do mechanoreceptors respond during deformation

A

a charge from the nerve cell to the insect brain.

83
Q

where are mechanoreceptors commonly found

A

on legs, mouthparts, and antennae

84
Q

what is a chemoreceptor

A

a taste receptor

85
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to

A

to chemicals occurring on solid surfaces or in aqueous substrates, found on mouthparts, tarsae, antennae

86
Q

what are olfactory receptors

A

usually thin-walled pegs, cones, or plates with numerous pores or slits through which airborne molecules diffuse.

87
Q

what can olfactory receptors sense

A

low concentrations of compounds (i.e., sex pheromones)

88
Q

where is the Johnston’s organ located

A

base on antennae, usually on pedicel

89
Q

what are the two functions of a Johnston’s organ

A

proprioceptor and movement sound detector

90
Q

what does a proprioceptor do

A

responds to movements of antennal flagellum and provides information about amount of air passing over it
and responsible for maintaining the insect’s sense of balance and orientation, especially during flight

91
Q

what are the three segments of an insect thorax

A

prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

92
Q

what sections have wings on them

A

mesothorax and metathorax

93
Q

what does each thoracic segment have

A

dorsal term, ventral sternum, and two lateral pleura

94
Q

what is the coxa in an insects leg

A

the basal segment of the insect leg

95
Q

what is the trochanter of an insects leg

A

leg segment between coxa and femur.

96
Q

what is the femur of a insects leg

A

the third leg segment, comparable to human thigh bone

97
Q

what is the tibia of an insect leg

A

the fourth leg segment, or “shin”

98
Q

what is the tarsus of an insect leg

A

part of the leg beyond the tibia (~foot)

99
Q

what does the tarsus consist of

A

several small joints, the last of which generally carries a pair of terminal claws

100
Q

what is the arolium

A

a pad-like organ extended between the claws

101
Q

in most flies what is the arolium replaced by

A

stout central bristle called the empodium

102
Q

what are two additional pads called

A

pulvilli or pulvillus

103
Q

what is venation

A

a system of thickened lines in the wings

104
Q

what is the principal distinguishing factor in the hierarchy of insects

A

wings

105
Q

what happens when front wings are thick (in Coleoptera)

A

protect both hind wings and body

106
Q

what pair of wings are the flying wings

A

the hind wings

107
Q

what are wings like in Hymenoptera

A

both pairs of wings are kept together with a hook like structure so that both wings act like one and flaps are more powerful

108
Q

what are wings like in Lepidoptera

A

covered with tiny scales; scales are coloured or refract the light to produce pattern

109
Q

what is a frenulum

A

Bristle near base of hind wing that holds front and hind wings together; found in Lepidoptera

110
Q

what is a jugum

A

a lobe on the forewing of some moths which interlocks with the hind wing in flight

111
Q

paleopterous wings

A

fold wings over back, lack third axillary sclerite and pleural wing folding muscle

112
Q

how does flapping flight work in Odonata

A

flap both pairs of wings separately with the two pairs beating in opposite phase and are capable of flying in any direction without turning their bodies

113
Q

what is articulation

A

wing flexing (folding), allows for protection and improved flight (rowing)

114
Q

what does a reduction in wing weight lead to

A

loss of venation

115
Q

what order has one pair of wings accosted with flight

A

coleoptera

116
Q

what orders have a single pair of wings

A

diptera and strepsiptera

117
Q

what orders have jointed wings

A

Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera

118
Q

where are the wings attached to the tergum

A

“hinges”

118
Q

what is the difference between diptera and strepsiptera

A

diptera has mesothoracic wings and strepsiptera have metathoracic wings

119
Q

how does the direct muscle system affect wing flapping

A

when the inner muscles contract, the wings rotate about their hinges and flap upward. when the outer muscles contract, the wings are pulled downward again

120
Q

how does the indirect muscle system affect wing flapping

A

the dorsoventral muscles contract to raise the wings. the tergum is lowered and the wings rotate about the outer hinges. the longitudinal muscles, running along the length of the thorax, contract to lower the wings. the tergum is forced upwards again, and the wings rotate in the opposite way about the outer hinges

121
Q

what is the living layer of an insect cuticle

A

row of epithelial cells which are supported on a non-cellular basement membrane.

122
Q

what separates the exoskeleton from the haemocoel

A

the membrane layer of epithelial cells

123
Q

what are microtrichia

A

tiny hair-like structures on surface of cuticle

124
Q

what is a trichogen cell

A

specialized epidermal cell that produces the shaft of a sensory hair

125
Q

what is a tormogen cell

A

specialized epidermal cell that produces the socket of a sensory hair

126
Q

generalized epidermal cells can differentiate into:

A

trichigen cells, tormogen cells, and dermal glands

127
Q

generalized epidermal cells can differentiate into…

A

nerve cells supplying mechanoreceptors,
glial cells enveloping nerve cells, glandular cells, and oenocytes

128
Q

what do glandular cells secrete

A

pheromones, defensive secretions, and wax

129
Q

what are the two layers of the procuticle

A

exocuticle and endocuticle

130
Q

what are the three layers of the epicuticle

A

cuticulin, wax layer, and cement layer

131
Q

what are scales

A

flattened macrosetae that have evolved independently in several lineages

131
Q

what are additional functions of bristles and scales

A

insulation, temperature regulation, sound absorption, chemical dispersal

132
Q

how does colouration happen

A

either through pigmentation or physical interference (structural colouration)

133
Q

what pigments are synthesized by the insect

A

melanin, monochromes, pterins, quinones

134
Q

what pigments are acquired through diet

A

carotenoids and flavonoids

135
Q

what are the structural colours

A

blue, whites, and all metallic, iridescent and opalescent

136
Q

what are the two canals

A

dermal gland canals and pore and wax canals

137
Q

where does the dermal gland canals go to

A

epidermis to surface

138
Q

where do pore canals go to

A

epidermis to wax layer of epicuticle

139
Q

what is apolysis

A

separation of epidermal cells from the inner surface of the old endocuticle (=formation of the subcuticular space)

140
Q

epicuticle formation

A

cuticulin is laid down below the moulting gel and above the epidermis. next, the inner protein epicuticle is deposited just inside the cuticulin (chemically stabilized)

141
Q

where are chitin microfilaments formed

A

beneath inner epicuticle

142
Q

what is the process of insect moulting

A

1) apolysis
2) epicuticle formation
3) new procuticle deposition
4) ecdysis
5) procuticle expansion
6)hardening ad darkening
7) endocuticle deposition

143
Q

when are ecdysial lines formed

A

formed in the cuticle that have little or no exocuticle.

144
Q

what it old cuticle called

A

exuvium

145
Q

what happens to eyes during a moult

A

the visual acuity is reduced during days before moult but it is then reestablished shortly after moulting

146
Q

what happens during moulting

A

body lacks skeletal support, body maintained by muscle tone, susceptible to desiccation

147
Q

do insects have regenerative powers

A

limited. if a leg is lost it will reappear during next moult

148
Q

what is molting controlled by

A

one set of neurosecretory cells in the brain that stimulate corpora allata (small glands behind the brain) to produce juvenile hormone (JH)

149
Q

what do prothoracic glands procduce

A

ecdysteroids (moulting hormones)

150
Q

large amount of JH left after moult create

A

larva

151
Q

small amount of JH left after moult create

A

pupa

152
Q

no JH left after moult creates

A

adult

153
Q

three functional regions of the digestive system

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

154
Q

what is the foregut called

A

stomodeum

155
Q

what is the midgut called

A

mesenteron

156
Q

what is the hindgut called

A

proctodeum

157
Q

what happens in the midgut

A

digestive enzymes are produced and secreted, digestion occurs and absorption of nutrients

158
Q

what happens in the hindgut

A

accepts waste from gut and Malpighian tubules, reabsorbs nutrients and water, and excretes waste

159
Q

what is the intima

A

a lining of cuticle in the foregut and hindgut

160
Q

what does the intima do

A

protects gut and regulates movement into and out of the gut

161
Q

how may preliminary digestion occur in crop

A

salivary enzymes brought in with food, or midgut enzymes regurgitated

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