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Enterobacteriaceae Flashcards

1
Q

Where do Enterobacteriaceae reside?

A

In GI tract of humans and animals

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2
Q

List 4 benefits of Enterobacteriaceae

A
  1. Microbial antagonism
  2. Breakdown and absorption of food
  3. Waste processing
  4. Vit. K production
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3
Q

List 4 characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae

A
  1. Gram negative
  2. Facultative anaerobic
  3. Rods or coccobacilli
  4. Oxidase negative (except Plesiomonas and shigelloids)
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4
Q

T/F: Enterobacteriaceae are coliform bacteria

A

True

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5
Q

What is performed to evaluate fecal/sewage contamination?

A

Coliform enumeration

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6
Q

List 3 characteristics of Escherichia coli

A

Lactose positive
Oxidase negative
Motile rods

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7
Q

What is the complete antigenic formula of an E. coli called?

A

Serotype

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8
Q

What do the following serotypes stand for?

O, H, F, K

A 
O= O antigen 
H= Flagella 
F= Fimbriae 
K= Capsule
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9
Q

T/F: The pathogenicity of E. Coli is strain dependent

A

True

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10
Q

What two groups of infectious strains can E. coli have?

A
  1. Intestinal pathogenic strains (Enteric)

2. Extra-intestinal pathogenic strains (ExPEC)

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11
Q

What kind of infections can ExPEC strains of E. coli cause?

A

Respiratory
Septicemia
UTI
Mastitis

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12
Q

What are 4 cell associated virulence factors of E. coli?

A
  1. Endotoxin
  2. Capsule
  3. Fimbrial adhesions
  4. Non-fimbrial adhesions
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13
Q

What are 3 types of extracellular virulence factors E. coli can have?

A
  1. Enterotoxins
  2. Cytotoxins
  3. Siderophores
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14
Q

What are 5 enteric pathotypes of E. coli?

A
  1. ETEC (Enterotoxigenic)
  2. EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic)
  3. VTEC/STEC (Verotoxigenic/shiga-like toxic)
  4. EPEC (Enterpathogenic)
  5. RPEC (Rabbit pathogentic)
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15
Q

What are 4 extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli?

A
  1. APEC (avian pathogenic)
  2. Necrotoxigenic (NTEC) in cattle
  3. Mastitis causing E. coli in cattle
  4. MMA in pigs
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16
Q

What are 5 important E. coli in pigs?

A 
ETEC
VTEC
EPEC
UTI
MMA
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17
Q

What are 6 important E. coli in bovine?

A 
ETEC
EHEC
VTEC
EPEC
Mastitis 
Septicaemiae
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18
Q

What is an important E. Coli strain in dogs and cats?

A

UTI

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19
Q

What is an important E. coli strain in birds?

A

APEC

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20
Q

What is an important E. coli strain in rabbits?

A

RPEC

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21
Q

What are 4 problems E. coli causes in pigs?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Oedema disease
  3. UTI
  4. MMA
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22
Q

What does ETEC cause in pigs?

A

Watery diarrhea

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23
Q

Who does ETEC affect in pigs?

A

Neonatal, 2-4 weeks, weaning

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24
Q

What are the two virulence factors involved with in ETEC in pigs?

A
  1. Adhesion factors (small Intestine)

2. Enterotoxins (plasmids)

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25
Q

What are the 5 adhesion factors involved with ETEC in pigs?

A 
F4
F5
F6
F41
F18
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26
Q

What are the 4 enterotoxins involved with ETEC in pigs?

A
  1. LT (heat labile)
  2. STa (heat stable)
  3. STb (heat stable)
  4. EAST1 (heat stable)
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27
Q

What are the Neonatal virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?

A

F4, F5, F6, F41
STa, STb
Non-hemolytic

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28
Q

What are the Neonatal till 4 weeks virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?

A

F4
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
Hemolytic

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29
Q

What are the weaning diarrhea virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?

A

F4, F18
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
Hemolytic

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30
Q

T/F: In regards to the epidemiology of ETEC in pigs, there is an equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure

A

True

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31
Q

What distortion in equilibrium causes piglet diarrhea from ETEC?

A

Too high bacterial challenge and/or too low immunity (mainly maternal)

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32
Q

What are 4 pathogenesis factors of ETEC in pigs?

A

Ascending from lower bowel
Oral uptake
Small Intestine
Colonization

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33
Q

What are the symptoms seen with ETEC in pigs?

A

Remain drinking
Very smelly feces
Dehydration
White grey, not as watery diarrhea in older animals

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34
Q

How would ETEC in pigs be diagnosed?

A

Agglutination tests

PCR

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35
Q

What would be the treatment for ETEC in pigs?

A

Hydration

Antimicrobials

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36
Q

What would be the preventative measures form ETEC in pigs?

A

Hygiene
Vaccinate sows
Vaccinate piglets (for F4)
Selection for reception free piglets (F4)

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37
Q

What does VTEC in pigs cause?

A

Oedema disease post weaning

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38
Q

What does a mixed ETEC and VTEC disease in pigs cause?

A

Oedema disease and diarrhea

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39
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of VTEC in pigs?

A

Adhesion (small bowel F18)
Exotoxin (VT2e or Stx2e: media necrosis)
Endotoxin (acute mortality)

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40
Q

How is VTEC passed in pigs?

A

Sow to piglet

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41
Q

What are some reasons VTEC shows up at weaning in piglets?

A

Stress
Change in intestinal flora
Maternal immunity

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42
Q

What does hyper-acute toxin production of VTEC cause in pigs?

A

Enterorrhagia

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43
Q

What does acute toxin production of VTEC in pigs cause?

A

Permeability blood vessels odema

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44
Q

What does a slower toxin production of VTEC in pigs cause?

A

Intravascular coagulation

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45
Q

What does endotoxin release of VTEC in pigs cause?

A

Shock and acute mortality

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46
Q

When do symptoms start being seen in pigs with VTEC?

A

3 weeks after weaning

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47
Q

What are the clinical signs of VTEC in pigs?

A

Acute mortality
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Oedema

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48
Q

What is seen with oedema?

A

Hoarse voice
CNS signs
Dyspnoea
Eye lids swollen

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49
Q

What would you do to diagnose VTEC in pigs?

A

CS
Pathological findings
Bacteriology
PCR (demonstration of virulence factors)

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50
Q

How would you treat affected pigs with VTEC?

A

Fasting to eliminate toxin

Antimicrobial therapy

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51
Q

How would you treat pigs not yet affected with VTEC?

A

Antimicrobial therapy

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52
Q

T/F: Antimicrobial therapy will kill the bacteria and effective toxin

A

False; will not kill effective toxin therefore will still see symptoms after treatment

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53
Q

What are some preventative measures against VTEC in pigs?

A

Reduce stress
Organic acids
Zinc oxide
Selection form receptor F18 negative animals

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54
Q

T/F: EPEC in pigs is a common disease

A

False, more rare and little known about its general role

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55
Q

What age does EPEC in pigs effect?

A

Weaning piglets

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56
Q

What are the CS of EPEC in pigs?

A

Diarrhea

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57
Q

How would a diagnosis be accomplished for EPEC in pigs?

A

Isolation and PCR of eae gene

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58
Q

What are the 3 pathogenic intestinal E. coli in piglets?

A

ETEC
VTEC
EPEC

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59
Q

What are the virulence factors of EPEC in pigs?

A

Attaching and effacing
Eae gene
T3SS (needle) and injection of effector proteins

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60
Q

What is the most important pathogen of UTI in pigs?

A

UTI (DD actinobaculum suis)

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61
Q

What are the predisposing factors for UTI in pigs?

A 
Hygiene 
Water intake 
Obstipation (severe constipation)
Age 
Individual differences
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62
Q

What are the CS of UTI in pigs?

A

Anorexia
Hematuria
Vaginal exudate
General malaise

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63
Q

How would a diagnosis be made for UTI in pigs?

A

Bacteriolgy

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64
Q

What is the treatment and prevention plan with UTI in pigs?

A

Culling (fertility problems)

Antibiotics about 3 weeks

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65
Q

What is MMA or PPDS in pigs?

A

Metritis-mastitis-agalactiae

Post partum dysgalactiae syndrome

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66
Q

When does MMA affect pigs?

A

About 48 hours after farrowing (parturition)

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67
Q

What is the etiology of MMA in pigs?

A

Hereditary
Hormonal
Feed
Infectious agents (E. coli mainly, might find others)

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68
Q

What kind of infection does septicaemiae cause in pigs?

A

Secondary infection to enteric infection

Primarily rare

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69
Q

What are the E. coli disease in bovine?

A

ETEC
EPEC and EHEC
Septicaemic (NTEC)

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70
Q

What are the symptoms of ETEC in bovine?

A

Watery diarrhea leads to dehydration

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71
Q

What age group does ETEC affect in bovine?

A

Animals less than 3 days old, Neonate

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72
Q

What are the virulence factors of ETEC in bovine?

A

Fimbriae

Toxins

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73
Q

What are the Fimbriae virulence factors of ETEC in pigs?

A

F5 (most common)
F41 (frequently together with F5)
F17
CS31A (related to F4/diarrhea in older animals)

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74
Q

What are the toxins for ETEC in bovine?

A

Sta and Stb (heat stable toxins)

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75
Q

What is the pathogenesis of ETEC in pigs?

A

Oral uptake
Multiplication
Enterotoxin production
Secondary septicaemiae

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76
Q

T/F: There is an equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure of ETEC in bovine

A

True

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77
Q

How does colostrum and infection play a role in ETEC of bovine?

A

If colostrum is given too late, or there is too little or too low (in antibodies)

If infection occurs too early or it is it too high of infection pressure

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78
Q

How is ETEC in bovine diagnosed?

A

ELISA

Culture and virulence factors (agglutination and PCR)

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79
Q

What is the therapy plan for ETEC in bovine for sick animals?

A

Separate ill animals
Hydration
Antibiotics
NSAID (shock)

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80
Q

What is the treatment plan for milking farms affected by ETEC for bovine?

A

Hygiene (separate calves from mothers)
Colostrum
Antibiotics 4-5 days orally
Vaccination of dams

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81
Q

T/F: EHEC in bovine is zoonotic

A

True

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82
Q

What age group does EHEC and EPEC of bovine affect?

A

1-8 weeks

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83
Q

What are the CS of EHEC and EPEC in bovine?

A

Mucoid diarrhea +/- blood

Mainly in large intestine

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84
Q

What is there therapy plan for Tx of EHEC and EPEC in bovine?

A

Ab’s

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85
Q

What are the virulence factors for EHEC and EPEC in bovine?

A

EPEC = eae

EHEC = eae + VT (VT1 and VT2)

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86
Q

What are the CS of mastitis in bovine?

A

Udder swelling, redness, and pain

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87
Q

What is the prevention and Tx plan for mastitis in bovine?

A

Hygiene

Systemic antibiotics

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88
Q

T/F: Mastitis of bovine has known virulence factors

A

False, no know virulence factors

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89
Q

What kind of pathogen is septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

Facultative pathogen

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90
Q

What are the virulence factors of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

Serum resistance
Iron uptake systems
Endotoxin, capsule
Adhesion factors

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91
Q

What are the adhesion factors of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A 
P
F17
CS31A
AfaE-VIII
CNF1, CNF2 toxins
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92
Q

What are the two ways of uptake for septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

Per os

Umbilical cord

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93
Q

What is the PO route of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

PO -> Lymph tissue -> septicaemiae colostrum

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94
Q

What is the umbilical chord route of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

Umbilical chord -> septicaemiae colostrum

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95
Q

What are the hyperacute signs of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

Acute mortality

Shock

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96
Q

What are the acute CS of septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

General symptoms

Fast Mortality

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97
Q

What are the CS of a slower septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A 
Association with organ localization 
Poly-arthritis 
Pneumonia 
Pleuritis 
Me I go-encephalitis
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98
Q

How would septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine be diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs

Isolation + PCR

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99
Q

What is the therapy plan for septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine?

A

NSAID (shock)
AB’s
Gamma globulins

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100
Q

How would septicaemiae (NTEC) in bovine be prevented?

A

Colostrum

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101
Q

Which strains are associated with enteric disease in cats and dogs?

A

ETEC
EPEC
VTEC
EIEC

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102
Q

What is the virulence factors of enteric disease in dogs and cats?

A

CNF1 E. coli in pups

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103
Q

What are the CS of enteric disease in dogs and cats?

A

Can be diarrhetic or clinically healthy

104
Q

How would enteric disease in dogs and cats be diagnosed?

A

Isolation of feces

105
Q

T/F: cystitis and pyometra affect dogs and cats equally

A

False, seldom in cats due to high osmolarity of using being antibacterial) and frequently in dogs

106
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of bladder

107
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Uterine infection

108
Q

What are the fimbria virulence factors of cystitis and pyometra in dogs?

A 
Type one 
F12
F13
Specific (O2, O4, O6, O83)
50% α-hemolytic
109
Q

What is the most important E. coli disease in broilers and layers?

110
Q

What kind of pathogen is APEC in poultry and other birds?

A

Facultative pathogen

111
Q

What are the most frequent serotypes of APEC in poultry and other birds?

A

O1, O2, O78

112
Q

What are the clinical signs of APEC in poultry and other birds?

A

Neonatal colibacillosis
Respiratory colibacillosis and septicaemiae
Peritonitis (layers)
Scabbyy hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers)
Coli granuloma
Otitis media
Chronic respiratory colibacillosis + arthritis

113
Q

What are three routes of the pathogenesis of neonatal colibacillosis?

A

Contamination of egg
Neonatal contamination
Manipulation of chicks

114
Q

What will neonatal colibacillosis lead to?

A

Yolk rest infection (omphalitis)

115
Q

What is the pathogenesis of peritonitis in layers?

A

Endogenic infection
Start of lay
Chronic form in older animals

116
Q

What is the pathogenesis of respiratory colibacillosis?

A

Excretion via feces -> increase in infection pressure (E. coli in dust) -> infection

OR

Damage to resp. epithelium via dust, viral infection, vaccination, or NH3 -> infection

117
Q

How would APEC in poultry and other birds be Dx?

A

Pathological lesions

Isolation of E. coli from different internal organs (liver, spleen, lung)

118
Q

How would APEC in poultry and other birds be Tx?

A

Very difficult

Ab’s: susceptible tests needed

119
Q

What are the preventative measures for APEC in poultry and other birds?

A

Hygiene
Stress management
Temperature monitoring
Vaccine

120
Q

What serotypes cause scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis in broilers?

A

E. coli O78 and O2

121
Q

How wold scabby hip be Dx?

A

Very difficult to Dx, use feathers

122
Q

When is scabby hip usually seen in broilers?

A

Found at slaughter

123
Q

How can scabby hip be prevented in broilers?

A

Lower density of animals

124
Q

What is the E. coli disease in rabbits?

125
Q

What is the virulence factor of RPEC/EPEC in rabbits?

126
Q

How would RPEC/EPEC in rabbits be Dx?

A

Clinical symptoms

Isolation of subtypes (needed); need to ID specific serotypes/biotypes

127
Q

How would RPEC be treated in rabbits?

128
Q

T/F: Salmonella enterica is the only strand to affect warm blooded animals

129
Q

What are the different serotypes of Salmonella enterica?

A

O1, O2, Vi, Ha, Hb, H1, H2

130
Q

What is the general virulence of Salmonella?

A

Host specific serotypes
Host adapted/restricted serotypes
Non host specific serotypes

131
Q

Salmonella are resistant in the environment, especially when it what two environments?

A

When protected by organic material (feces) or in a dry environment (dust, feed)

132
Q

What are the zoonotic aspects of Salmonella?

A

Zoonotic = Non host specific and some host adapted/restricted

Not Zoonotic = Host specific and some host adapted/restricted

133
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella?

A

Facultative intracellular

134
Q

What determines the pathogenesis of Salmonella?

A

Whether it is host adapted (typhoid) + host restricted or non host adapted

135
Q

What are the two pathways for uptake of Salmonella?

A

Systemic phase: SPI2

Intestinal phase: SPI1

136
Q

What are the two important Salmonella bovine serotypes?

A

S. typhimurium and S. dublin

137
Q

What are the clinical signs of S. typhimurium?

A

Diarrhea + General symptoms

Tissue localization

138
Q

What are the clinical signs of S. dublin in calf?

A

Diarrhea + general symptoms

Tissue localization

139
Q

What are the clinical signs of S. dublin in adult cattle?

A

Diarrhea + general symtoms
Organ dependent symptoms (abortion, mastitis)
Carriers (host specific, host adapted, non host specific)

140
Q

How would salmonella be Dx in live bovine?

A 
Fecal material 
Milk
Respiratory: BAL
Arthritis: puncture 
Abortion: fetus, placenta, vagina
141
Q

How would salmonella be Dx in dead bovine?

A

Ileum

different organs

142
Q

What would be the Tx plan for salmonella in bovine?

A

Isolate sick animals
Fluid therapy
Antimicrobials
NSAID

143
Q

What are the two important salmonella serotypes in pigs?

A

S. typhimurium (zoonotic and non typhoid)

S. choleraesuis (typhoid)

144
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?

A

CS in animals >50kg
Diarrhea + general symptoms
Slow spread

145
Q

What are the hyperacute CS of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?

A

Usually in >70-80 kg

Acute mortality

146
Q

What are the acute CS in non typhoid salmonella in pigs?

147
Q

What are the chronic CS signs of non typhoid salmonella in pigs?

A

Non specific, lesser growth

148
Q

What are the CS of S. choleraesuis in pigs?

A

Typhoid

fever, rash, pain

149
Q

How would salmonella be Dx in pigs?

A

Bacteriological culture
ELISA (Ag)
ELISA (Ab) but difficult

150
Q

What would be he Tx plan pigs with salmonella?

A

Antimicrobials

Eventually general support such as NSIADs

151
Q

What is the prevention plan for pigs with salmonella?

A

Management: AI-AO, clearing and disinfection
Organic acids
Feed composition
Vaccination

152
Q

What is the salmonella serotype found in equine?

A

S. abortus equi (rare and host specific)

153
Q

What does the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi depend on?

154
Q

What are the two uptake routs of S. abortus equi?

A

Per os and Venereal

155
Q

What is the Tx plan for horses with S. abortus equi?

A

Antimicrobials

Elimination from repro organs is difficult bc bacteria are intracellular

156
Q

What is the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi via per os?

A

Per os -> septicemia -> endotoxic effects or invasive (follow other route)

157
Q

What is the pathogenesis of S. abortus equi via venereal?

A

Invasive -> polyarthritis -> or stallion (male repro systems) -> or mare -> mare will have persistent infection (several abortions, septicemic foal) -> or have pregnant uterus that will abort or be alive with symptoms (acute mortality 2-3 days old or polyarthritis 14 days old)

158
Q

What are the CS for the mild form of salmonellosis in equine?

A

General symptoms
Slight diarrhea
Dx difficult
Self-limiting

159
Q

What are the CS for the acute form of salmonella in horses?

A 
Most frequent 
Fever, anorexia, mild colic 
24 hour diarrhea 
severe symptoms + cyanosis 
Shock possible 
Laminitis (hoof)
Slow recovery + relapse possible 
Can evolve to chronic
160
Q

Where are the CS for the hyper acute form of salmonella in horses?

A 
In foal
Several general symptoms 
Eventually diarrhea 
Endotoxic shock 924-72 hour) -> death 
Tissue localization
161
Q

How would salmonella be Dx in horses?

A

Neutropenia

Culture

162
Q

What would be a therapy plan for horses with salmonella?

A

Hydration : IV
Shock : NSAIDs
Antimicrobials
Carriers

163
Q

How would salmonella in horses be prevented?

164
Q

T/F: Salmonella is non host specific in cats and dogs

165
Q

What are the CS of salmonella in cats and dogs?

A

Enteritis and septicaemicae

166
Q

Who are the carriers for salmonella in cats and dogs?

A

Dogs: 0-36%
Cats: 0-20%

167
Q

What is the origin of salmonella in dogs and cats?

A

Mainly feed

168
Q

How would salmonella be Dx in cats and dogs?

A

Culture
ELISA
PCR

169
Q

How would salmonella be Tx in cats and dogs?

A

Hydration

Antibiotics (contraindicated in animals with a good general condition)

170
Q

What is the salmonella serotype for pigeons?

A

S. typhimurium var. Copenhagen (paratyphus)

171
Q

What are the CS of S. typhimurium var. copenhagen in pigeons?

A

Anorexia, weight, diarrhea, limping, unable to fly, breeding difficulties, apathic, PUPD, mortality

172
Q

T/F: S. typhimurium in pigeons has a specific clonal lineage

173
Q

T/F: S. typhimurium in pigeons is zoonotic

A

False, not zoonotic

174
Q

What are two types of S. typhimurium in pigeons?

A

Paratyphus (PT) 2 and 99

175
Q

When is acute paratyphus seen in pigeons?

A

Mainly during breeding

176
Q

What are some CS of acute paratyphus in pigeons?

A

One wing hanging down

Intermittent excretion

177
Q

How would paratyphus in pigeons be Dx?

A

Bacterial culture

Rapid slide agglutination for Ab’s

178
Q

How would paratyphus in pigeons be Tx?

A

Antimicrobials (strains very susceptible)
Immune therapy: inactivated vaccine reduces severity and does NOT prevent)
hygiene

179
Q

What is the salmonella serotype found in Psittaciformes (parrot) and Passerformes (perching bird)?

A

S. Typhimurium

Rare in Psittaciformes

180
Q

How do Passerformes get S. typhimurium?

A 
In birdhouse when: 
Stressed 
Overcrowded 
Cold and humid 
Inappropriate feeding
181
Q

What are the CS of S. typhimurium in Passerformes?

A

Apathic, feed and water intake decreased
Chronic
Diarrhea (most of the time)

182
Q

What are the poultry serotypes of typhoid Salmonella?

A

2 Typhoid salmonella
S. pullorum (reportable)
S. gallinarum (reportable)

183
Q

What are the poultry serotypes of non-typhoid salmonella

A

Non-typhoid (paratyphoid)

S. enteriditis (zoonotic)

184
Q

What are the salmonella serotypes in turkeys?

A

S. enterica ssp. arizonae

185
Q

T/F: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum are antigenically similar

A

True (1, 9, 12)

186
Q

What salmonella serotype are S. pullorum and S. gallinarum antigenically similar to?

A

S. enteriditis

187
Q

T/F: S. pullorum and S. gallinarum are not reportable

A

False, they are reportable

188
Q

What disease does S. pullorum cause in poultry?

A

Pullorum disease

189
Q

What age range does S. pullorum usually affect in poultry?

A

Younger animals (<3 weeks)

190
Q

T/F: S. pullorum has a low mortality in poultry?

A

False, high mortality

191
Q

What are the CS of S. pullorum in poultry?

A

Acute sepsis
General symptoms
Typical granulomatous lesions in stomach, liver and myocardium
Adults usually have oophoritis with deformed yellow-greenish follicles

192
Q

S. pullorum can be transmitted horizontally and vertically, what is the mortality peak for verticals transmission?

193
Q

How could S. pullorum be diagnosed in poultry?

A

Bacterial culture

Serology: slide agglutination

194
Q

How would S. pullorum be Tx in poultry?

A

Tx for hobby poultry via antibiotics (no elimination)

195
Q

What is another name for S. gallinarum?

A

Fowl typhoid

196
Q

What age group does S. gallinarum usually affect?

A

Older animals

197
Q

What are the clinical signs of fowl typhoid?

A

Hyperacute mortality + hemolytic anemia (endotoxins)

Acute and subacute; increasing mortality up to 30% general symptoms

198
Q

What is the typhoid salmonella that affects turkeys?

A

S. enterica ssp. arizonae

199
Q

What age group does S. enteric ssp. arizonae usually affect?

A

Younger animals

200
Q

What are the CS of S. enterica ssp. arizona?

A

General symptoms with mortality up to 50%

201
Q

Where is S. enterica ssp. arizonae primarily located?

A

Mainly USA

202
Q

How would S. enterica ssp. arizonae be Dx and Tx?

A

Culture and eradication

203
Q

What is the difficulty with controlling S. enterica ssp. arizona?

A

There are different serotypes and can get false negatives

204
Q

What is the paratyphoid salmonella in poultry?

A

S. enteriditis

205
Q

T/F: S. enteriditis in poultry is zoonotic

A

True, egg contamination

206
Q

T/F: S. enteriditis is the most frequent serotype causing zoonotic infection

A

False, used to be. Decreased due to vaccination (imposed in Europe)

207
Q

T/F: Many other paratyphoid salmonella are not zoonotic?

A

False, many are zoonotic

208
Q

T/F: There is vertical and horizontal transmission in other paratyphoid Salmonella

A

False, there is no vertical transmission

209
Q

When do CS show up in other paratyphoid Salmonella?

A 
In young infected with high dose 
Aflatoxins in feed 
T0 too low for young animals 
Other enteric infections 
Stress (transport)
210
Q

What are two Klebsiella serotypes?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella oxytoca

211
Q

Where can Klebsiella be found?

A

Water, soil, environment, GI tract

212
Q

What is the clinical importance of Klebsiella?

A

Important in nosocomial infections

213
Q

What kind of pathogen is Klebsiella?

A

Opportunistic pathogen

214
Q

What kind of infection does Klebsiella cause in equine?

A

Equine metritis: inflammation of uterine wall STD transmission

215
Q

What are some CS of Klebsiella in equine?

A

Vaginits, infertility, abortion

216
Q

How is Klebsiella transmitted in equine?

A

Stallion, fomite, vaginal specula & biopsy equipment

217
Q

When there isn’t enough colostrum, what kind of infections does Klebsiella cause in horses?

A

Umbilical infections

218
Q

T/F: Klebsiella infections are a common finding in dogs

A

False, rare finding

219
Q

What CS are seen in dogs with Klebsiella infections?

A

Pyometra

Cystitis

220
Q

What CS does Klebsiella cause in bovine?

221
Q

What is the Tx plan for Klebsiella infections?

A

Natural resistance to amoxycillin/ampicillin
Susceptible to amoxycillin + clavamox
High level acquired resistance
Difficult to Tx

222
Q

What are the 3 zoonotic types of Yersinia?

A

Y. pestis
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Y. enterocolitica

223
Q

What is the Yersinia serotype in fish?

A

Y. ruckeri

224
Q

At what temp does Yersinia replicate?

A

4 degrees C

225
Q

What does Yersinia pestis cause in humans?

A

Bubonic plague: local lymphadenitis
Pneumonic plague: pneumonia
Septicaemic plague: septicaemiae

226
Q

What was the black death caused by?

A

Yersinia pestis

227
Q

Who was one of the first epidemiologists?

A

John Grant

228
Q

T/F: Yersinia pestis can be weaponized because of its high pathogenicity

229
Q

What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pests?

A

Capsule
Toxins
Iron acquisition

230
Q

Where are the virulence pathogens frequently located for Yersinia pestis?

A

On plasmids

231
Q

What is the reservoir for Yersinia pestis?

A

Tolerant rodents

232
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Yersinia pests?

A

Fleas
Airborne
Oral

233
Q

How do cats get infected with Yersinia pestis?

A

After ingestion of infected prey

234
Q

What are the CS of Yersinia pestis in cats?

A 
Fever
Depression 
Sneezing 
Coughing
CNS disturbances 
Lymphadenitis 
Tonsilitis 
Cranial and cervical edema 
Pneumonia 
Mortality
235
Q

What kind of pathogen is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?

A

Obligate symbiotic, facultative intracellular

236
Q

What is the pathogenic significance for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?

A

Rodents
Birds
Zoonotic

237
Q

What are the virulence factors Yersinia pseudotuberculosis?

A

Cell wall
Adhesins
Toxins
Iron Uptake

238
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in birds and rodents?

A

Oral uptake
Lymphoid tissue intestine
Mesenterial lymph nodes
Sepsis and multiplication in blood

239
Q

What is the major pathogen in Passeriformes?

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

240
Q

What are the CS of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?

A 
Fat liver disease 
Rodentiosis 
Apathy
Water and feed intake 
Event
241
Q

T/F: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is found mainly in animals housed in outdoor birdhouses

242
Q

How is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes transmitted?

A

Wild birds and rodents

243
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?

A

Weight loss and respiratory distress

244
Q

What are the acute lesions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?

A

Splenomegaly with foci of necrosis

Enlarged liver

245
Q

What are the subacute/chronic lesions of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Passeriformes?

A

Same as acute + necrosis on cecum and lung

246
Q

What is the zoonotic subspecies of Yersinia in domestic animals?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

247
Q

What are the zoonotic CS of Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Colic and Diarrhea

248
Q

What are the CS in domestic animals with Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Ileitis

Gastro-enteris

249
Q

What serotype of Yersinia enterocolitica cross reacts with brucellosis?

A

Serotype O9

250
Q

What are two types Proteus?

A

P. mirabilis

P. vulgaris

251
Q

What are the CS of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris?

A

Otitis and cystitis dog

252
Q

What is seen with Proteus in a bacteriological Dx by culture?

A

Swarming bacterium

253
Q

What are the primary pathogens in Otitis of dog?

A

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis

254
Q

After Tx of Otitis in dogs, if there is still damage, what could be present?

A

Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Peudomonas aeruginosa

255
Q

What are some predisposing factors to Otitis in dogs?

A

Frequent swimming
Breeds with long hanging ears
Breeds with hair in external ear channel

256
Q

How would otitis be Tx in dogs?

A

Local oil based Ab/antimycotic mix
Elimination of cause
Anatomical predisposition

Bact Exam 2 (4 decks)

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