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Enterobacteriaceae Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of Enterobacteriaeceae

A

Microbal antagonism
Breakdown and absorption of food
Waste processing
Vitamin K production

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2
Q

What makes a bacteria a Coliform bacteria? What is Coliform enumeration used for?
What Enterobacteriaceae are Coliform bacteria?

A
  1. Lactose positive bacteria
  2. Coliform enumeration is performed to evaluate fecal/sewage contamination
  3. E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
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3
Q

What are the two most common nososcomial infectious bacteria?
What type of pathogens are they?

A
  1. Klebsiella and Proteus

2. Opportunistic pathogens

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4
Q

What are the four infections that ExPEC strains of E. coli cause?

A 
Extra-intestinal pathogenic strains:
Respiratory
Septicaemiae
UTI
Mastitis
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5
Q

What are the five enteric pathotypes of E. coli?

A 
ETEC
EHEC
VTEC
EPEC
RPEC
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6
Q

What are the four extra-intestinal pathotypes of E. coli?

A

APEC
NTEC
Mastitis
MMA

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7
Q

ETEC in Pigs

Adhesion factors

A

F4 - only in pigs; specific receptor; neonatal to post weaning
F5 - in pigs and bovines; neonatal diarrhea
F6 - neonatal
F18 - edema disease
F41 - in pigs and bovines; neonatal; usually with F5

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8
Q

ETEC in Pigs

Enterotoxins

A

Heat labile = LT
high molecular weight, strong antigen, cannot withstand high temps

Heat stable = STa, STb, EAST1
low molecular weight, low antigenic, can withstand high temps

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9
Q

Neonatal ETEC in Pigs

A

F5, F6, F41
STa, STb
non-hemolytic

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10
Q

Neonatal till 4 weeks ETEC in Pigs

A

F4
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
hemolytic

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11
Q

Weaning diarrhea ETEC in Pigs

A

F4, F18
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
hemolytic

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12
Q

Epidemiology of ETEC

-What allows the bacteria to be a normal inhabitant of the intestine and what happens to make it become a problems?

A

Equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure
Break in equilibrium = disease
Increase infection pressure - low hygiene, presence of ETEC diseased piglets
Lowered maternal immunity - Sow (MMA, first delivery), piglet (low birth weight), tow many piglets per sow

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of ETEC in Pigs

A

Oral uptake
Ascending from lower bowel
Small intestine
Colonization

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14
Q

Treatment and Prevention of ETEC in Pigs

A

Hydration
Immunize sows
Selection of receptor free piglets (F4)

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15
Q

VTEC in Pigs

-What disease is caused?

A

Edema disease

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16
Q

VTEC in Pigs Virulence Factors

A

Adhesion - F18
Exotoxin - VT2e or Stx2e = media necrosis
Endotoxin - acute mortality

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17
Q

VTEC in Pigs

-Exotoxin production (hyperacute, acute, slower)

A

Media necrosis
Hyperacute - enterorrhagia
Acute - blood vessel permeability edema
Slower - intravascular coagulation

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18
Q

Epidemiology of VTEC in Pigs

A

Sow to piglet

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19
Q

Symptoms of VTEC in Pigs

A

Less than 3 weeks after weaning
Acute mortality, diarrhea, anorexia
Edema - hoarse voice, CNS symptoms, dyspnoea, swollen eyelids

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20
Q

Prevention of VTEC in Pigs

A

Reduce stress
Feed composition
-probiotics, organic acids (antibacterial effect)
Selection of receptor negative animals (F18)

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21
Q

E. coli UTI in Pigs

-predisposing factors

A

Most important pathogen in UTI in pigs

Hygiene, water intake, obstipation, age, individual (anatomical) differences

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22
Q

E. coli MMA of PPDS in Pigs

A

Metritis-mastitis-agalactiae

Post partum dysgalactiae syndrome

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23
Q

E. coli in Bovines

-What pathotypes are associated with what age groups?

A

ETEC - animals less than 3 days of age
EPEC and EHEC - animals older than one week
Septicaemia - neonates, lack of colostrum

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24
Q

ETEC in Bovines

Virulence Factors

A

F5 (most common)

Toxins - STa and STb

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25
ETEC in Bovines | Pathogenesis
Equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure Colostrum - too little, too late, too low (in Abs) Infection - too early, too high (infection pressure)
26
ETEC in Bovines | Therapy
Milking Farms: separate calves from mothers colostrum - of multi partus animals vaccinate dams
27
EHEC and EPEC in Bovines | Virulence Factors
EPEC - eae | EHEC - eae + VT
28
E. coli Mastitis in Bovines
DD Gram +/Gram- infection Gram - (E. coli infection)= mastitis +fever Lost udder quarter
29
E. coli Septicaemia in Bovines | Virulence Factors
``` ExPEC: NTEC Serum resistance Iron uptake systems Endotoxin Capsule Adhesion factors CNF1, CNF2 toxins ```
30
E. coli Septicaemia in Bovines | Pathogenesis
Uptake per os = via lymphoid tissue of head, throat, intestine Uptake via umbilical cord Hyperacute - acute mortality, shock Acute - general symptoms, fast mortality Slower - organ localization, polyarthritis, meningo-encephalitis Septicaemia can be prevented if enough colostrum is present
31
E. coli disease in cats and dogs
Cystitis Dog - Fimbriae: F12, F13 Cat - seldom due to high osmolarity of urine being anibacterial Dog - Pyometra
32
APEC - Who is this E. coli a problem in? - Serotypes
1. E. coli in poultry and other birds Most important bacterial disease in broilers and layers 2. 01, 02, 078
33
APEC | -What are the clinical appearances of this E. coli infection?
Neonatal colibacillosis Respiratory colibacillosis & septicaemia = inhalation via dust of feces containing E. coli Peritonitis in layers
34
Pathogenesis of Neonatal colibacillosis of APEC
Yolk rest infection (omphalitis) via: 1. Contamination of egg shell: cooling of egg causing shrinkage of the content 2. Neonatal contaminaton 3. Manipulation of chicks Yolk rest infection has two effects: 1. sepsis -> death 2. polyserositis, airsac, pericard -> growth retardation
35
Scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers)
APEC | Serotypes: 02, 078
36
RPEC
E. coli disease in rabbits | eae+
37
Salmonella Virulence Types
Host specific serotypes (typhoid) Host adapted/restricted serotypes Non-host specific serotypes
38
Zoonotic aspects of Salmonella
Zoonotic: non-host specific Not zoonotic: host specific
39
Host Specific & Host Adapted/Restricted Pathogenesis of Salmonella
Systemic Phase - salmonella pathogenesis island 2 (SPI2) | Intracellular in macrophages and systemic -> Endotoxin -> General symptoms
40
Non-host Adapted Pathogenesis of Salmonella
Intestinal Phase - salmonella pathogenesis island 1 (SPI1) Colonization in ileum and large intestine -> adhesion -> invasion -> T3SS uptake of Salmonella in enterocyte -> diarrhea, intestinal damage, general symptoms
41
Salmonella serotypes in Bovines
Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin
42
Salmonella typhimurium
Bovines Diarrhea (ileuma nd large intestine) General symptoms
43
Salmonella dublin
Bovines Calf - diarrhea, general symptoms Adult - diarrhea, general symptoms
44
What types of Salmonella infect pigs?
Salmonella choleraesuis = Typhoid | Non-typhoid salmonella
45
Symptoms of non-typhoid Salmonella in pigs
Dirrhea + general symptoms Hyperacute = acute mortality Acute = cyanosis Chronic = non-specific, lesser growth
46
What Salmonella type infects horses? | What is its form of pathogenesis?
1. Salmonella Abortus-equi 2. Pathogenesis depends on uptake Per os -> septicaemia -> endotoxic effects, shock Veneral -> Stallion -> reduced fertility Veneral -> Mare -> persistent infection -> abortions Veneral -> Mare -> pregnant uterus -> abortion or alive with systems (acute mortality, polyarthritis)
47
Salmonella abortus-equi symptoms in horses
Mild: general symptoms (fever, anorexia, depression) Acute: 24 hr diarrhea, fever, anorexia, mild colic, laminitis Hyperacute: foal, severe general symptoms, endotoxic shock (death)
48
Diagnosis and Therapy Salmonella in horses
Salmonella Abortus-equi Neutropenia NSAID (shock) - no cortico's, can cause more severe hoof laminitis
49
Salmonella in Pigeons - phase types - acute and chronic
Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen = Paratyphus PT 2 and 99 Systemic disease + diarrhea Acute paratyphus - mainly during breeding Chronic - one wing is hanging down (tissue localization)
50
Salmonella in Passerformes
Salmonella typhimurium In birdhouses - stress, overcrowding Symptoms - apathic, decrease feed and water intake, chronic
51
Salmonella in Poultry - What are the two typhoid Salmonella? - What is the non-typhoid Salmonella?
1. S. pullorum and S. gallinarum | 2. S. enteriditis
52
Typhoid Salmonella in Turkeys
S. enterica ssp. arizonae | Only younger animals
53
Salmonella pullorum
``` Typhoid Salmonella in poultry Pullorum disease Younger animals ( ```
54
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry treatment
Reportable disease Treatment only for hobby poultry Antibotics but no elimination (intracellular)
55
Salmonella gallinarum
Typhoid salmonella in poultry Serological cross reactive with S. pullorum Older animals Hyperacute: mortality+hemolytic anemia
56
Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry
Salmonella enteriditis Zoonotic = egg contamination; consume raw egg Decreased frequency of zoonotic infection due to vaccination Vaccination is imposed in EU, not US Eggs from positive laying flocks can only be used after heating
57
Other serotypes of Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry
30% broilers are positive, at slaughter 80% (cross contamination) In US, decontamination of carcasses with bleach (not in EU) No vertical transmission (S. enteriditis is horizontal + vertical) Usually no clinical symptoms, unless young infected with high does, stress
58
Klebsiella infections in animals - horses - dogs - bovines
Horses: Equine metritis -vaginitis, infertility, abortion and Umbilical infection - too little colostrum; omphalitis, septicemia, arthritis Dogs: pyometra, cystitis Bovines: mastitis
59
Treatment of Klebsiella infections in animals
Natural resistance/low susceptibility to amoxy/ampi (chromosomal Beta-lactamase) Susceptible to amoxy+clav
60
The three Yersinia types that are zoonotic
Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica
61
What Yersinia type results in the Bubonic plague/Black death and how is it transmitted?
Yersinia pestis Humans (cats) Fleas of wild rodents - multiplication in proventriculus; airborne; oral
62
Yersinia pestis - virulence factors - endemic areas
1. Capsule, Toxins, Iron acquisition (siderophore) | 2. Western US, Southern Asia, Southern and West Africa, Central and South America
63
Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis
Fleas feed from infected host -> Bacteria blocks flea proventriculus and contaminates feeding site -> Bacteria killed at site due to PMNs and inflammation -> First intracellular: some bacteria survive in macrophages and induce apoptosis -> secretion anti-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory proteins -> Then extracellular survival: siderophores, capsule
64
Yersinia pestis in cats
After ingestion of infected prey Fever, depression, sneezing, coughing, CNS disturbances Lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, cranial and cervical edema, pneumonia Mortality
65
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Factors
Cell wall - endotoxin Adhesins - adhesion on basolateral ileal epithelial cells and M cells Toxins Iron uptake
66
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pathogenesis
``` Birds & Rodents oral uptake lymphoid tissue, intestine mesenterial lymph nodes sepsis and replication in blood ```
67
What Yersinia type is the major pathogen in Passeriformes?
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis "Fat liver disease", "rodentiosis" In outdoor birdhouses Transmitted from wild birds and rodents Apathy and decreased water and feed intake Chronic - weight loss and respiratory distress
68
Yersinia pseudotubrculosis | symptoms
Lesions acute: large spleen with foci of necrosis; enlarged liver Subacute and Chronic: large spleen and liver each with foci of necrosis; caeca and lungs with foci of necrosis
69
Yersinia enterocolitica
Domestic animals - ileitis and gastro-enteritis Colonizes terminal ileum Serotype 09 = cross reaction with Brucellosis serology
70
What are the two Proteus types? | What are the main clinical symptoms of an infection with Proteus?
1. P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris | 2. Otitis and cystitis in dogs
71
What bacteria acts as a swarming bacteria and why is this an issue?
Proteus Causes difficulties as contaminant (intestine, environment) in bacteriological diagnosis by culture Post mortem replication
72
Primary pathogens of otitis in dogs | What bacteria are present when there is still damage after treatment has been given?
1. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis 2. Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BacT Gram Negatives (15 decks)

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