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BacT Gram Negatives > Enterobacteriaceae > Flashcards

Enterobacteriaceae Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of Enterobacteriaeceae

A

Microbal antagonism
Breakdown and absorption of food
Waste processing
Vitamin K production

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2
Q

What makes a bacteria a Coliform bacteria? What is Coliform enumeration used for?
What Enterobacteriaceae are Coliform bacteria?

A
  1. Lactose positive bacteria
  2. Coliform enumeration is performed to evaluate fecal/sewage contamination
  3. E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
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3
Q

What are the two most common nososcomial infectious bacteria?
What type of pathogens are they?

A
  1. Klebsiella and Proteus

2. Opportunistic pathogens

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4
Q

What are the four infections that ExPEC strains of E. coli cause?

A 
Extra-intestinal pathogenic strains:
Respiratory
Septicaemiae
UTI
Mastitis
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5
Q

What are the five enteric pathotypes of E. coli?

A 
ETEC
EHEC
VTEC
EPEC
RPEC
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6
Q

What are the four extra-intestinal pathotypes of E. coli?

A

APEC
NTEC
Mastitis
MMA

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7
Q

ETEC in Pigs

Adhesion factors

A

F4 - only in pigs; specific receptor; neonatal to post weaning
F5 - in pigs and bovines; neonatal diarrhea
F6 - neonatal
F18 - edema disease
F41 - in pigs and bovines; neonatal; usually with F5

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8
Q

ETEC in Pigs

Enterotoxins

A

Heat labile = LT
high molecular weight, strong antigen, cannot withstand high temps

Heat stable = STa, STb, EAST1
low molecular weight, low antigenic, can withstand high temps

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9
Q

Neonatal ETEC in Pigs

A

F5, F6, F41
STa, STb
non-hemolytic

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10
Q

Neonatal till 4 weeks ETEC in Pigs

A

F4
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
hemolytic

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11
Q

Weaning diarrhea ETEC in Pigs

A

F4, F18
LT, STa, STb, EAST1
hemolytic

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12
Q

Epidemiology of ETEC

-What allows the bacteria to be a normal inhabitant of the intestine and what happens to make it become a problems?

A

Equilibrium between maternal immunity and infection pressure
Break in equilibrium = disease
Increase infection pressure - low hygiene, presence of ETEC diseased piglets
Lowered maternal immunity - Sow (MMA, first delivery), piglet (low birth weight), tow many piglets per sow

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13
Q

Pathogenesis of ETEC in Pigs

A

Oral uptake
Ascending from lower bowel
Small intestine
Colonization

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14
Q

Treatment and Prevention of ETEC in Pigs

A

Hydration
Immunize sows
Selection of receptor free piglets (F4)

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15
Q

VTEC in Pigs

-What disease is caused?

A

Edema disease

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16
Q

VTEC in Pigs Virulence Factors

A

Adhesion - F18
Exotoxin - VT2e or Stx2e = media necrosis
Endotoxin - acute mortality

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17
Q

VTEC in Pigs

-Exotoxin production (hyperacute, acute, slower)

A

Media necrosis
Hyperacute - enterorrhagia
Acute - blood vessel permeability edema
Slower - intravascular coagulation

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18
Q

Epidemiology of VTEC in Pigs

A

Sow to piglet

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19
Q

Symptoms of VTEC in Pigs

A

Less than 3 weeks after weaning
Acute mortality, diarrhea, anorexia
Edema - hoarse voice, CNS symptoms, dyspnoea, swollen eyelids

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20
Q

Prevention of VTEC in Pigs

A

Reduce stress
Feed composition
-probiotics, organic acids (antibacterial effect)
Selection of receptor negative animals (F18)

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21
Q

E. coli UTI in Pigs

-predisposing factors

A

Most important pathogen in UTI in pigs

Hygiene, water intake, obstipation, age, individual (anatomical) differences

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22
Q

E. coli MMA of PPDS in Pigs

A

Metritis-mastitis-agalactiae

Post partum dysgalactiae syndrome

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23
Q

E. coli in Bovines

-What pathotypes are associated with what age groups?

A

ETEC - animals less than 3 days of age
EPEC and EHEC - animals older than one week
Septicaemia - neonates, lack of colostrum

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24
Q

ETEC in Bovines

Virulence Factors

A

F5 (most common)

Toxins - STa and STb

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25
Q

ETEC in Bovines

Pathogenesis

A

Equilibrium between immunity and infection pressure
Colostrum - too little, too late, too low (in Abs)
Infection - too early, too high (infection pressure)

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26
Q

ETEC in Bovines

Therapy

A

Milking Farms:
separate calves from mothers
colostrum - of multi partus animals
vaccinate dams

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27
Q

EHEC and EPEC in Bovines

Virulence Factors

A

EPEC - eae

EHEC - eae + VT

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28
Q

E. coli Mastitis in Bovines

A

DD Gram +/Gram- infection
Gram - (E. coli infection)= mastitis +fever
Lost udder quarter

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29
Q

E. coli Septicaemia in Bovines

Virulence Factors

A 
ExPEC: NTEC
Serum resistance
Iron uptake systems
Endotoxin
Capsule
Adhesion factors
CNF1, CNF2 toxins
30
Q

E. coli Septicaemia in Bovines

Pathogenesis

A

Uptake per os = via lymphoid tissue of head, throat, intestine
Uptake via umbilical cord
Hyperacute - acute mortality, shock
Acute - general symptoms, fast mortality
Slower - organ localization, polyarthritis, meningo-encephalitis

Septicaemia can be prevented if enough colostrum is present

31
Q

E. coli disease in cats and dogs

A

Cystitis
Dog - Fimbriae: F12, F13
Cat - seldom due to high osmolarity of urine being anibacterial
Dog - Pyometra

32
Q

APEC

  • Who is this E. coli a problem in?
  • Serotypes
A
  1. E. coli in poultry and other birds
    Most important bacterial disease in broilers and layers
  2. 01, 02, 078
33
Q

APEC

-What are the clinical appearances of this E. coli infection?

A

Neonatal colibacillosis
Respiratory colibacillosis & septicaemia = inhalation via dust of feces containing E. coli
Peritonitis in layers

34
Q

Pathogenesis of Neonatal colibacillosis of APEC

A

Yolk rest infection (omphalitis) via:

  1. Contamination of egg shell: cooling of egg causing shrinkage of the content
  2. Neonatal contaminaton
  3. Manipulation of chicks

Yolk rest infection has two effects:

  1. sepsis -> death
  2. polyserositis, airsac, pericard -> growth retardation
35
Q

Scabby hip/necrotic dermatitis (broilers)

A

APEC

Serotypes: 02, 078

36
Q

RPEC

A

E. coli disease in rabbits

eae+

37
Q

Salmonella Virulence Types

A

Host specific serotypes (typhoid)
Host adapted/restricted serotypes
Non-host specific serotypes

38
Q

Zoonotic aspects of Salmonella

A

Zoonotic:
non-host specific
Not zoonotic:
host specific

39
Q

Host Specific & Host Adapted/Restricted Pathogenesis of Salmonella

A

Systemic Phase - salmonella pathogenesis island 2 (SPI2)

Intracellular in macrophages and systemic -> Endotoxin -> General symptoms

40
Q

Non-host Adapted Pathogenesis of Salmonella

A

Intestinal Phase - salmonella pathogenesis island 1 (SPI1)
Colonization in ileum and large intestine -> adhesion -> invasion -> T3SS uptake of Salmonella in enterocyte -> diarrhea, intestinal damage, general symptoms

41
Q

Salmonella serotypes in Bovines

A

Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin

42
Q

Salmonella typhimurium

A

Bovines
Diarrhea (ileuma nd large intestine)
General symptoms

43
Q

Salmonella dublin

A

Bovines
Calf - diarrhea, general symptoms
Adult - diarrhea, general symptoms

44
Q

What types of Salmonella infect pigs?

A

Salmonella choleraesuis = Typhoid

Non-typhoid salmonella

45
Q

Symptoms of non-typhoid Salmonella in pigs

A

Dirrhea + general symptoms
Hyperacute = acute mortality
Acute = cyanosis
Chronic = non-specific, lesser growth

46
Q

What Salmonella type infects horses?

What is its form of pathogenesis?

A
  1. Salmonella Abortus-equi
  2. Pathogenesis depends on uptake
    Per os -> septicaemia -> endotoxic effects, shock
    Veneral -> Stallion -> reduced fertility
    Veneral -> Mare -> persistent infection -> abortions
    Veneral -> Mare -> pregnant uterus -> abortion or alive with systems (acute mortality, polyarthritis)
47
Q

Salmonella abortus-equi symptoms in horses

A

Mild: general symptoms (fever, anorexia, depression)
Acute: 24 hr diarrhea, fever, anorexia, mild colic, laminitis
Hyperacute: foal, severe general symptoms, endotoxic shock (death)

48
Q

Diagnosis and Therapy Salmonella in horses

A

Salmonella Abortus-equi
Neutropenia
NSAID (shock) - no cortico’s, can cause more severe hoof laminitis

49
Q

Salmonella in Pigeons

  • phase types
  • acute and chronic
A

Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen
= Paratyphus
PT 2 and 99
Systemic disease + diarrhea
Acute paratyphus - mainly during breeding
Chronic - one wing is hanging down (tissue localization)

50
Q

Salmonella in Passerformes

A

Salmonella typhimurium
In birdhouses - stress, overcrowding
Symptoms - apathic, decrease feed and water intake, chronic

51
Q

Salmonella in Poultry

  • What are the two typhoid Salmonella?
  • What is the non-typhoid Salmonella?
A
  1. S. pullorum and S. gallinarum

2. S. enteriditis

52
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in Turkeys

A

S. enterica ssp. arizonae

Only younger animals

53
Q

Salmonella pullorum

A 
Typhoid Salmonella in poultry
Pullorum disease
Younger animals (
54
Q

Typhoid Salmonella in poultry treatment

A

Reportable disease
Treatment only for hobby poultry
Antibotics but no elimination (intracellular)

55
Q

Salmonella gallinarum

A

Typhoid salmonella in poultry
Serological cross reactive with S. pullorum
Older animals
Hyperacute: mortality+hemolytic anemia

56
Q

Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry

A

Salmonella enteriditis
Zoonotic = egg contamination; consume raw egg
Decreased frequency of zoonotic infection due to vaccination
Vaccination is imposed in EU, not US
Eggs from positive laying flocks can only be used after heating

57
Q

Other serotypes of Paratyphoid Salmonella in poultry

A

30% broilers are positive, at slaughter 80% (cross contamination)
In US, decontamination of carcasses with bleach (not in EU)
No vertical transmission (S. enteriditis is horizontal + vertical)
Usually no clinical symptoms, unless young infected with high does, stress

58
Q

Klebsiella infections in animals

  • horses
  • dogs
  • bovines
A

Horses: Equine metritis -vaginitis, infertility, abortion and Umbilical infection - too little colostrum; omphalitis, septicemia, arthritis
Dogs: pyometra, cystitis
Bovines: mastitis

59
Q

Treatment of Klebsiella infections in animals

A

Natural resistance/low susceptibility to amoxy/ampi (chromosomal Beta-lactamase)
Susceptible to amoxy+clav

60
Q

The three Yersinia types that are zoonotic

A

Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica

61
Q

What Yersinia type results in the Bubonic plague/Black death and how is it transmitted?

A

Yersinia pestis
Humans (cats)
Fleas of wild rodents - multiplication in proventriculus; airborne; oral

62
Q

Yersinia pestis

  • virulence factors
  • endemic areas
A
  1. Capsule, Toxins, Iron acquisition (siderophore)

2. Western US, Southern Asia, Southern and West Africa, Central and South America

63
Q

Pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis

A

Fleas feed from infected host -> Bacteria blocks flea proventriculus and contaminates feeding site -> Bacteria killed at site due to PMNs and inflammation -> First intracellular: some bacteria survive in macrophages and induce apoptosis -> secretion anti-phagocytic and anti-inflammatory proteins -> Then extracellular survival: siderophores, capsule

64
Q

Yersinia pestis in cats

A

After ingestion of infected prey
Fever, depression, sneezing, coughing, CNS disturbances
Lymphadenitis, tonsillitis, cranial and cervical edema, pneumonia
Mortality

65
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Factors

A

Cell wall - endotoxin
Adhesins - adhesion on basolateral ileal epithelial cells and M cells
Toxins
Iron uptake

66
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Pathogenesis

A 
Birds & Rodents
oral uptake
lymphoid tissue, intestine
mesenterial lymph nodes
sepsis and replication in blood
67
Q

What Yersinia type is the major pathogen in Passeriformes?

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
“Fat liver disease”, “rodentiosis”
In outdoor birdhouses
Transmitted from wild birds and rodents
Apathy and decreased water and feed intake
Chronic - weight loss and respiratory distress

68
Q

Yersinia pseudotubrculosis

symptoms

A

Lesions acute:
large spleen with foci of necrosis; enlarged liver
Subacute and Chronic:
large spleen and liver each with foci of necrosis; caeca and lungs with foci of necrosis

69
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Domestic animals - ileitis and gastro-enteritis
Colonizes terminal ileum
Serotype 09 = cross reaction with Brucellosis serology

70
Q

What are the two Proteus types?

What are the main clinical symptoms of an infection with Proteus?

A
  1. P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris

2. Otitis and cystitis in dogs

71
Q

What bacteria acts as a swarming bacteria and why is this an issue?

A

Proteus
Causes difficulties as contaminant (intestine, environment) in bacteriological diagnosis by culture
Post mortem replication

72
Q

Primary pathogens of otitis in dogs

What bacteria are present when there is still damage after treatment has been given?

A
  1. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis
  2. Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BacT Gram Negatives (15 decks)

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