ENT Workshop Flashcards
where is otitis media infection
Inflammation/ infection of middle ear cavity
which examination can reveal perforation in the tympanic membrane
otologic
which examination uses frequency of sound to reveal sensorineural hearing loss
audiogram
name given to inflammation of the layers covering the brain
meningitis
how can meningitis be confirmed
lumbar puncture
lumbar puncture involves taking a sample of x which is present around the spinal cord using a needle
csf
true or false, an enlarged adenoid can block eustachian tube
true
how can common colds lead to otitis media/ middle ear infections
mucus cant drain properly so builds up on middle ear
causes eustachian tube to become swollen or blocked
middle ear infections cause inflammation, redness, swelling and build up of fluid behind the x
eardrum/ tympanic membrane
why is otitis media more common in children than adults
eustachian tube is smaller
adenoids may be bigger
middle ear and nasopharynx more horizontal and shorter
so infection likely
function of the eustachian tube and explain its relation to the middle ear
connects middle ears to the back of the throat and nose helps drain fluid and equalize ear pressure in ears
what are the routes of spread of an infection to the middle ear
through external ear or eustachian tube
what are some of the complications of otitis media
meningitis
deafness
perforation of membrane
dizziness due to semicircular canal damage
facial nerve damage
why do some middle ear infections lead to meningitis
brain related superiorly to middle ear hence infections can spread
reason for dizzy with whirling sensation, nausea and vomiting
if infection spreads through tympanic membrane to bony labyrinth where semi circular canals are potential for infection to spread to inner ear hence symptoms
reason behind sensorineural hearing loss secondary to otitis media
vestibulocochlear nerve damage
what parts of the tympanic membrane can be seen in an otologic examination
malleus, middle ear ausicle and structure of tympanic membrane
reason for giving antibiotics for some otitis media patients and what type would patients need
abx for meningitis due to systemic infection and should be broad spectrum to cross bbb such as penicillin
what is the term given to decreased smell sensation
hyposmia
what is the reason behind hyposmia
due to damage to olfactory nerves or olfactory epithelium
discuss 2 major parts of the nose and where the sensory nerves related to olfaction are located
2 major nasal cavities divided by nasal septum, sensory nerves located in roof of nasal cavity
where is the vestibule of the nose located
anterior most area of the nose near the opening
what is different in the vestibule compared to the rest of the nose
vestibule has hair hence infections are more common in this areas
discuss the location of the dangerous area of the face and how this area is related to the most dreadful complications that patients with rhinitis can develop
area between nose and upper lip allows infection to spread from facial vein causing cavernous sinus thrombosis
what would be the reason behind someone with rhinitis presenting with conjuctival chemosis and proptosis of the eyeball
cavernous sinus thrombosis prevents venous drainage of the eye ball so swells and pushes forward
t/f headache and pain across the forehead related to sinusitis
true
what is usual predisposing factor for an infection in the vestibule particularly in children
trauma from picking nose
constant nose picking can lead to severe bleeding epistaxis, discuss the vessels contributing to littles areas, where it is located and its significance
littles area is in septum, vessels that contribute are anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery and facial artery
which paranasal air sinus is located in between the ear and nose
ethmoidal sinus
which paranasal sinus is located in the maxilla bone
maxillary
which paranasal air sinus is located behind the maxilla and maxillary sinus
sphenoidal
function of these paranasal air sinuses are to do what
lighten the skull, add resonance to the voice and humidify the air.
where do paranasal air sinuses drain into
nasal cavity
what are palatine tonsils and where are they located
lymphocyte structures located on either side of oropharynx
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
name the different lymphatic structures that are around the region of the pharynx which protect our body immunologically against pathogens
palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils
form waldeyers ring
what is the reason for difficulty swallowing in relation to tonsils
swelling of the palatine tonsils
what is the reason for developing earache in tonsilitis
eustachian tube can spread anything from pharynx to middle ear and palatine tonsil innervated by 9th cranial nerve same as ears Glossopharyngeal
if a child presents with complaints of mouth breathing and snoring during sleep, which structures would you think are responsible
mostly areas of tubal tonsils as affects adenoids, posterior opening of nasal cavity leads to nasal obstruction
discuss the routes of spread of any infection from the pharynx to the nearby regions
To middle ear through auditory tube, or
descend down through oesophagus and airway
what is the reason for tender swellings in the neck in tonsilitis
involvement of lymph nodes
what technique can be used to diagnose vocal cord palsy by identifying vocal cord immobility
laryngoscopy
2 ways the external ear can be divided
pinna and external auditory canal
why might lymph nodes get infected and swell when the tonsils are infected
tonsils drained by lymph nodes in the neck
is the larynx or the pharynx involved with deglutition/ swallowing
pharynx
What are the functions of larynx?
Phonation and respiration
What is the reason for the hoarseness of voice? where are structures producing voice located?
recurrent laryngeal nerve in larynx (voice box)
give some functions for the larynx aka voicebox
phonation
inspiration
prevention of food entering lungs
probe through the larynx will lead to the lungs. Food should go through the larynx as it can go into the lung and cause aspiration. What structure closes the opening of the larynx to prevent this
epiglottis
why might patients with tubal tonsil enlargement present with heavy breathing and snoring during sleep during the night
if enlarged patient will suffer blocked nose and nasal obstruction
the larynx is made of many cartilages to prevent it collapsing, which cartilage forms a complete ring
cricoid
which cartilage of the larynx is only present anteriorally
thyroid
what are the 3 major cartilages of the larynx
cricoid
thyroid
epiglottis
what are the 3 minor cartilages of the larynx
cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid
in a closed vocal cord, air comes out. is this associated with phonation or inspiration
phonation
should the vocal cords be open or closed for inspiration
open
is abduction or adduction the safety position where the muscle keeps the vocal cord in a closed position
abduction
which muscle is the most important for the larynx and adducts or abducts the vocal cord (keeps airway open)
posterior cricoarytenoid
all laryngeal muscles except for which one is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve
cricothyroid
the external laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve
vagus 10
in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy the vocal cord will be away from the midline and the patient will present with aspiration of fluid and hoarseness of voice. Why might phonation be bad
vocal cords wont be able to close
why might a patient with left vocal cord palsy suffer from aspiration of fluids
larynx cant approximate and close so fluid enters lung
