ENT Conditions

Question 1

Pleomorphic Salivary Adenoma

Answer 1

benign tumour of salivary gland
painless, slow growing
FNAC/Biopsy/USS/CT/MRI

can turn malignant add radiotherapy

Question 2

Thyroglossal cyst

Answer 2

embryological foramen caecum
congenital + painless
FNAC
aspirate and excision

Question 3

Simple reactive lymph node

Answer 3

tender, oval in shape, reactive

Question 4

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 4

type of cancer that develops in the lymphatics with lymphocyte proliferation in certain parts
painless swelling/WL/fever/itch
biopsy/FBC/CXR/CT/MRI/PET
chemo/radio/M.AB

Question 5

Sialolithiasis

Salivary duct stones

Answer 5

small stones in salivary glands (submandibular most common)
dull pain comes and goes and swelling
exam/XR/silogram
try to remove/AB if infection

Question 6

tonsil cancer

Answer 6

most are squamous cell carcinoma
sore throat/ear pain/painless lump in your neck/trouble swallowing
biopsy/CT/PET
HP vaccine/radio/chemo

Question 7

Quinsy

peritonsillar abscess

Answer 7

serious complication of tonsillitis
quickly worsening sore throat/one side/ bad breath/systemic symptoms
throat swollen narrow asymmetric
aspiration/incision and drainage/tonsillectomy/IV AB

Question 8

Glandular fever

Answer 8

teenagers/young adults
ill for weeks/fever/sore throat/usual
grey coating of tonsils/splenomegaly
blood test EBV
viral and very infectious

Question 9

Auricular haemtoma

Answer 9

direct trauma to pinna

incision and drainage with antibiotics

Question 10

Foreign body in ear/nose

Answer 10

pain, infection, conductive hearing loss
unilateral nasal discharge
remove object (battery bad)

Question 11

otitis externa

Answer 11

inflammation of EAM
mainly bacterial, fungal
ear pain/itching/ottorhea
H.influenza/S.pneumonia/Moraxella catarrhalis 
antibiotic (co-amoxiclav)/ ear drops

Question 12

malignant otitis externa

Answer 12

osteomyelitis of temporal hen, aggressive infection rather than malignancy
elderly/diabetic/chemotherapy/immunosuppressed
Otalgia/otorrhea/ conductive and send hearing loss
PSEUDOMONAS AURGENOSA
neuro exam/CT
antibiotics maybe surgery

Question 13

otitis media with effusion

Answer 13

glue ear - sterile fluid in middle ear
hearing loss, speech delay, balance loss
otoscopy
observe 3 months self-limiting/grommets>3

Question 14

perforation of TM

Answer 14

recurrent infections & hearing loss
otoscopy
water precasting +/- myringoplasty

Question 15

cholesteatoma

Answer 15

skin in middle ear, erodes into mastoid
offensive otorrohoea
otoscopy
mastoidectomy

Question 16

tympanosclerosis

Answer 16

calcification in TM +/- middle ear
asymptomatic
otoscopy

Question 17

otosclerosis

Answer 17

fixation of stapes by extra bone
progressive hearing loss particularly low sounds and hears better with loud background noise, tinnitus
hearing aid or stapedectomy

Question 18

Tinnitus

Answer 18

any perception of sound
ringing/buzzing/whooshing etc
otoscopy + hearing tests and treat cause

Question 19

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Answer 19

specific head movements cause vertigo

Dix-halpike test & Epley manoeuvre

Question 20

vestibular neuritis

Answer 20

inflammation of vestibular nerve
spontaneous vertigo
bed rest + vestibular sedatives

Question 21

Menieres disease

Answer 21

pressure deep inside the ear
spontaneous vertigo/unilateral hearing loss/tinnitus
bendroflumethazide + intratympanic dexamethasone

Question 22

facial nerve palsy

Answer 22

LMN facial palsy
hemifacial paresis of upper and lower face
underlying cause