ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between intermittent and persistent rhinitis?

A

Intermittent - symptoms <4 days per week or symptoms for less than 4 weeks

Persistent - symptoms >4 days per week or symptoms for more than 4 weeks

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2
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of sore throat?

A

Group A Beta Heamolytic Streptococcus (GABHS) - e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes

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3
Q

Treatment of GABHS sore throat

A

Penicillin

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4
Q

Which organism causes a grey-white membrane across the pharynx?

A

Corynbacterium diphtheriae –> Diphtheria

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5
Q

Treatment of oral candiadiasis

A

Nystatin

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6
Q

Management of Acute Otitis Media

A

Amoxicillin (or Clarithromycin)

Amoxicillin medication for treating otitis media at 500mg TDS for 7 days.

Co-amoxiclav is used as a second line agent if amoxicillin doesn’t work

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7
Q

Common cause of Acute Otitis Media

A

Strep pneumo

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8
Q

Management of acute sinusitis

A

Penicillin V

Doxycycline

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9
Q

Main risk factor for malignant otitis externa

A

Diabetes

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10
Q

EBV testing

A

Paul-Bunnell test or Monospot

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11
Q

Cause of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease

A

Coxsackie virus

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12
Q

Centor Criteria

A

Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
No cough
Tonsilar exudate
Fever >38

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13
Q

Which condition is associated with trismus (lockjaw)?

A

Quinsy

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14
Q

Dizziness for months associated with tinnitus and viral illness

A

Labyrinthitis

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15
Q

Dizziness for hours associated with tinnitus, hearing loss and fullness in ear

A

Meniere’s disease

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16
Q

Investigate BPPV

A

Hallpike’s test (if nystagmus observed go on to perform Epley Manouvre)

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17
Q

Nasal polyps in the young consider …

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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18
Q

Associated factors of nasopharyngeal cancers

A

EBV and volatile nitrosamines in food

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19
Q

Most common salivary gland tumour

A

pleomorphic adenoma

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20
Q

Second most common salivary gland tumour

A

Warthin’s

21
Q

Warthin’s Tumour features

A

Benign usually parotid gland tumour
Males >50
Associated with smoking
Bilateral and multi-centric

22
Q

Most common malignant salivary gland tumour

A

Worldwide -> Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

UK -> Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

23
Q

Throat tumour in <5 year olds associated with HPV

A

Squamous papilloma

24
Q

Which individuals are at an increased risk of getting cholesteatoma?

A

Children born with cleft lip (100x)

25
Choleasteatoma features
Main features foul-smelling, non-resolving discharge hearing loss Other features are determined by local invasion: vertigo facial nerve palsy cerebellopontine angle syndrome
26
Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
NF type 2
27
Features and Management of otosclerosis
``` Family history of condition Conductive Hearing Loss Tinnitus Audiometry -> Carhart's Notch at 2kHz Treatment -> Oval Window Fixation ```
28
Which type of hearing loss is associated with low frequency hearing loss?
CHL
29
Which type of hearing loss is associated with high frequency hearing loss?
SNHL
30
Features of hypocalcaemia
``` Features tetany: muscle twitching, cramping and spasm perioral paraesthesia if chronic: depression, cataracts ECG: prolonged QT interval ```
31
What can be seen in a branchial cyst biopsy?
cholesterol crystals
32
Treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome
oral aciclovir and corticosteroids
33
'flamingo tinge' tympanic membrane
otosclerosis
34
Onset of otosclerosis, inheritance
20-40yo - autosomal dominant
35
Otitis externa in diabetics . Treatment
Ciprofloxacin for pseudomonas cover
36
Otitis externa. Treatment
Fluclox
37
Adults with otitis media with effusion consider ...
rhinosinusitis nasopharyngeal carcinoma nasopharyngeal lymphoma
38
Conductive Hearing Loss + Flat Tympanogram
OME
39
Conductive hearing loss which worsens dramatically during pregnancy or HRT
Otosclerosis
40
Trauma and "battlesign" bruising behind ear
Temporal bone fracture
41
What are the 5 cardinal ear symptoms?
Hearing loss, Otalgia, Discharge, Tinnitus, Vertigo
42
TMJ Cardinal Symtoms
Pain Trismus Crepitus Muscle tenderness
43
ENT Red Flags
``` Hoarseness Lumps Dysphagia Weight loss Stridor Fatigue Haemoptysis Unilateral nasal polyps Persistent Otalgia Persistent Sore Throat Unilateral Tinnitus ```
44
If first aid fails to control epistaxis, what are the next options? (in treatment ladder order)
``` Silver nitrate Cautery Nasal packing Ligation of the sphenopalatine artery Ligation of the external carotid Embolisation ```
45
Ligation of the sphenopalatine artery - risks (3)
The patient should be warned about the risks of continued bleeding, visual disturbance and CSF leak.
46
Which area of the nose is the principal region supplied by the sphenopalatine artery, and therefore the area best treated by its ligation?
Lateral wall of nose
47
How long do symptoms have to persist to be diagnosed with chronic otitis media with effusion?
3 months
48
Retracted and dull tympanic membrane
Otitis media with effusion (glue ear)
49
Audiogram of Meniere's disease
Low frequency SN loss