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Revision Week > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid level or bubbles seen at tympanic membrane suggests?

A

Otitis media with effusion

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2
Q

Where do we place the grommet?

A

Anterior and inferior quadrant as less important structures

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3
Q

If you see a donut shaped , pushed out tympanic membrane, what would this suggest?

A

Acute otiis media

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4
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tympanic membrane?

A 
Pars tensa (thick part)
Pars flaccida (thin part, supriorly)
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5
Q

What is the umbo?

A

Most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

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6
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Build up of dead skin cells which can get infected

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7
Q

Hearing:

A
  1. Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate
  2. Vibrations transmitted through ossicles
  3. Footplate of stapes vibrates in oval window
  4. Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
  5. Hair cells in the cochlea are moved, AP’s stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
  6. Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
  7. Pressure waves are dampened at the round window
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8
Q

Function of the tympanic cavity?

A

Conduct sound waves in the air towards the fluid filled cavities of the inner ear

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9
Q

Causes of deafness?

A

Presbycusis
Otosclerosis
Noise induced
Ototoxicity

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10
Q

What is presbycusus?

A

Age induced deafness

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11
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Build up of new bone formation of stapes footplate. Genetic condition more common in women in 30’s and 40’s

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12
Q

What is ototoxicity?

A

Drugs that have been toxic to the ear causing hearing loss

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13
Q

If vertigo lasts seconds it suggests?

A

BPPV

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14
Q

If vertigo lasts hours it suggests?

A

Meniere’s

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15
Q

If vertigo lasts days it suggests?

A

Vestibular neuritis

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16
Q

If vertigo time frame is variable it suggests?

A

Migraine associated vertigo

17
Q

Acute otitis media is?

A

Infection in the middle ear

18
Q

How does acute otitis media present?

A

Present with fever, fluid behind eardrum, bulging and possibly hearing loss

19
Q

How do we treat Acute Otitis Media?

A

Usually settles alone.

Only give antibiotics if not settling

20
Q

What is a vestibular schwannoma?

A

Benign tumour arising in the internal auditory meatus

21
Q

how does a vestibular schwannoma present?

A

hearing loss, tinnitus, imbalance

22
Q

How do we diagnose a vestibular schwannoma?

A

MRI

23
Q

Red flag symptoms?

A 
Persistent hoarseness
Dysphagia 
Odynophagia
Throat pain 
Referred otalgia
Neck mass
Bloody nasal discharge
24
Q

How likely is a parotid gland mass to be benign?

A

70%

25
Q

Which glands are malignant tumours more likely to be found in?

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

26
Q

3 phases of swallowing?

A
  1. oral phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. oesophogeal phase
27
Q

Common causes of difficulty swallowing?

A

Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Pouch
Spasm
Eosinophillic oesophagitis

28
Q

What is recurrent respiratory pappilomatosis?

A

small wart like growths on the respiratory tract

29
Q

The reconstructive ladder:

A
  1. Secondary intention
  2. Primary intention
  3. Delayed primary closure
  4. Skin grafts
  5. Tissue expansion
  6. Local tissue transfer
  7. Free tissue transfer
30
Q

How to diagnose glandular fever?

A

Atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood
+ve monospot or Paul Bunnell test
Low CRP (<100)

31
Q

Management of Glandular fever?

A

Symptomatic treatment, antibiotics and steroids

32
Q

Why do we not prescribed ampicillin in glandular fever?

A

will cause a macular rash

33
Q

Symptoms of acute sinusitis?

A

Facial pain
Discharge
Nasal blockage

34
Q

Most common emergency?

A

Epistaxis

35
Q

Management of epistaxis?

A
  1. First aid - pinch soft part of nose for 5-10 mins
  2. Cauterise
  3. Nasal pack
36
Q

How to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Something has happened to cochlear or cochlear nerve so we must treat as EMERGENCY. Do a Weber test. Can give steroids

37
Q

What is stridor?

A

Inspiratory high pitched noise, airway obstruction around larynxy

Revision Week (13 decks)

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