ENT Flashcards
What antibiotics are ototoxic? What are 2 other medications that cause reversible hearing loss ?
Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin)
Loop diuretics & salicylate
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with foul smelling discharge despite treatment of perforated TM?
Cholestatoma
What is the most common cause of sudden bilateral sensorineural deafness?
Viral labyrinthitis
What are the 4 most common viral causes of sensorineural hearing loss?
CMV
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
What is the most common cause of neonatal hearing loss? How can this be prevented
Bacterial meningitis - can’t prevent despite treatment with antibiotics
What are the two newborn hearing screens and when should this be performed by?
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (OAE)
Identification of hearing loss by 3 months with treatment by 6 months
What test is used to detect bilateral hearing loss in infants and toddlers?
Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA)
What is indicated by a flat line (low amplitude) on tympanogram?
Stiff membrane or middle ear fluid or obstructed tympanostomy tube
How does tympanometry measure hearing sensitivity?
Tympanometry does NOT measure hearing sensitivity (you can have normal tympanogram with sensorineural hearing loss)
What is indicated by a high amplitude line on tympanometry?
Hypermobile TM
What is measured by the area under the tympanogram curve? And what does a high volume of this area indicate?
The area of the external canal - high volume indicates perforated TM
You are presented with a 4 y/o with chronic drainage through left TM, what is the likely cause and how would you treat?
Pseudomonas causing chronic suppurating otitis media
Topical ofloxacin
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with persistent otitis media despite appropriate antibiotics who presents with headache and vomiting ?
Bacterial meningitis
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with tympanostomy tubes who presents with copious bloody discharge and large red mass in the ear?
Tympanostomy tube granuloma
What should you do in a patient with swelling and deformity of the external ear after trauma?
Needle aspiration of hematoma
What is the diagnosis and 4 most common cause of postauricular swelling and erythema ?
Mastoiditis - strep pneumoniae, h flu, strep pyogenes and staph aureus
How would you confirm diagnosis of mastoiditis? How would you treat?
CT and tympanocentesis with culture - IV antibiotics and surgery
What 4 things are associated with nasal polyps and what study should you order in a patient with this finding?
Cystic fibrosis Asthma Chronic allergic rhinitis Chronic sinusitis **sweat chloride test**
What diagnosis presents as cyanosis while feeding but resolution with crying? What syndrome is this commonly found in?
Choanal atresia - CHARGE syndrome
Which sinuses are present at birth?
Maxillary and ethmoid
When are the sphenoid and frontal sinuses developed ?
Sphenoid: age 3 - 7 years
Frontal: teen years
What should be done in a patient with fracture of the frontal sinus? Why?
Surgery for repair to avoid CNS infection
When is a CT indicated in the diagnosis of sinusitis?
Only for chronic recurrent sinusitis
You are presented with a 13 y/o make with recurrent epistaxis. Bleeding is increasing in frequency, severity and duration. What is the next step?
CT scan to rule out posterior nasopharyngeal mass such as nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
What clinical finding can differentiate strep pharyngitis from mono?
Only mono presents with hepatosplenomegaly
You are presented with a child with high fever, swollen lymph nodes, pharyngitis and hepatomegaly. Strep is positive. Monospot is negative. What is the next step?
EBV titers
What would you do for a sexually active teenager who presents with sore throat and erythematous patches of the pharynx?
Test for GC pharyngitis and other STD testing
What treatment would you consider for a patient who presents with sore throat and difficulty opening the mouth as well as muffled voice…exam shows swelling around one tonsil and uvula deviation?
Needle aspiration plus ampicillin/sulbactam or clinda or augmentin
What is the cause of hypernasal voice after tonsillectomy / adenoidectomy?
Velopharyngel insufficiency
What would be the next appropriate step for a patient who presents with high fever, difficulty swallowing and neck hyperextended with drooling? What would you expect to find on imaging?
Lateral neck film will show widening of retropharyngeal space and then CT to confirm
What is the appropriate treatment for retropharyngeal abscess?
Surgical emergency – needle aspiration under anesthesia plus clindamycin or unasyn