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4th Year > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Mirror image nuclei in biopsy of neck type of cell and condition and other features

A

Cell type - Reed sternberg cells
Large non tender rubbery lymph nodes 25% have systemic symptoms
Alcohol induced lymph node pain
Lymphadenopathy in 75% but non painful

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2
Q

Hearing loss in conductive hearing loss

A

Just air conduction impaired

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3
Q

Hearing loss in sensorineural loss

A

Both air and bone conduction loss

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4
Q

Normal audiogram

A

Above the 20 decibel line

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5
Q

Bilateral acoustic neuroma

Cause?

Acoustic neuroma Also called?

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

Vestibular schwannoma

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6
Q

Which salivary glands most commonly have tumours?

A

80% of salivary gland tumours are in the parotid and 80% of them benign

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7
Q

Entropion complication

A

Corneal ulcer

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8
Q

Treatment herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

Oral acyclovir 7-10 days started within 72hours if possible
Oral corticosteroids may reduce duration of pain
Occupational involvement = ophthalmologist review

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9
Q

Predisposing factors x3 for perichondritis of the pinna

A

Piercings/trauma, infection (otitis extern) masjid surgery, pseudomonas

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10
Q

Perichondritis?

A

Inflammation of the connective tissue surrounding cartilage common in the pinna

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11
Q

First presentation otitis externa treatment

A

Adequate analgesia
Clean external ear canal
Topical abx and steroid

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12
Q

Order of ossicles lateral to medial

A

Malleus incus stapees

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13
Q

Percentage of preschool children with otitis media with effusion

A

20%

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14
Q

Ome presentation give x 3 symptoms

A

Hearing loss
Mild pain
Autophony - can hear own voice loudly

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15
Q

Age group typically affected by otitis media e

A

2-5 years old

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16
Q

Otoscopy finding of ome

A

Retracted, dull timpani membrane with reduced movement

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17
Q

Ome hearing loss and what level of decibels lost

A

Conductive 20-40 decibels

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18
Q

Ome treatment

A

Watchful waiting
Grommet insertion
Adenoidectomy

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19
Q

cholesteatoma presentation. which part of tympanic membrane is affected?

A

mild otalgia, ottorhoea (smelly and prurelent), hearing loss,unilateral tinnitus

pars flaccida, top of eardrum

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20
Q

Surgery for cholesteatoma

A

mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty to repair the drums

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21
Q

risks of mastoidectomy

A

vertigo, facial nerve damage, hearing loss

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22
Q

cholesteatoma problems if untreated x4

A 
ossicle damage
tympanic membrane damage 
facial nerve palsy
cerebral abcess
mastoid bone and cochlear damage
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23
Q

perforated tympanic membrane presentation and hearing loss type?

A

otalgia
discharge
conductive

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24
Q

operation for repair of tympanic membrane

A

Myringoplasty

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25
Q

perforated tympanic membrane, management?

A

keep dry only prescribe drops if becomes infected

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26
Q

vertigo define:

A

A sensation of rotation or movement of one’s self (subjective vertigo) or of one’s surroundings (objective vertigo) in any plane.

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27
Q

acoustic neuroma most common presentation

A

unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus and imbalance.

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28
Q

gold standard to image acoustic neuroma

A

Gandolinium-enhanced MRI

Radiotherapy and surgery to treat

29
Q

meniere’s disease triad?

A

hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus

30
Q

exact complaints of BPPV, how long does it last and well in between or not? triggers? relieving factors?

A

Short lived vertigo (20-30 seconds), relieved when keeping head still, triggered with change in head position.
May have associated nausea
Between episodes of vertigo feel well

31
Q

Between what frequencies is a pure tone audiogram commonly measured?

A

250hz - 8000hz

32
Q

three hearing tests

A

audiogram
Speech audiometry
Immittance audiometry

33
Q

how many adults expected to have hearing loss

A

1 in 5

34
Q

most common type of hearing loss in adults?

A

presbycusis, sensorineural

35
Q

most common causes of tinnitus

A 
most common - presbycusis
others:
wax touching eardrum 
menier's
TMJ disorders
36
Q

most common throat cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

37
Q

three results on tympanogram

A

type A - a big peak: normal pressure in the middle ear
type B - flat peak, little or no change, non compressible fluid in middle ear
type C - peak is below 0 -eustachian tube problem

38
Q

measure hearing loss in 18 month old child

A

reinforcement audiometry

39
Q

what kind of epithelium in the sinuses?

A

respiratory - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

40
Q

name of simple test for air flow

A

nasal sniff test

41
Q

part of the nose where nasal bleeds occur

A

little’s areas or Keiselbach’s plexus

42
Q

treat nosebleed

A

packing, arterial ligation, quaterisation

43
Q

unilateral nasal polyp in child and then in adult

A

child any polyp suggests CF adult unilat - cancer

44
Q

most common cause of obstructive sleep apnoea in children

A

adenotonsillar hypertrophy

45
Q

sleep study proper name

A

polysomnography

46
Q

epiglottitis management

A

Management is usually conservative with intravenous or oral antibiotics but intubation may be needed .

47
Q

most common bacterial cause of tonsillitis

A

strep A

48
Q

as well as weight loss, what treatment can we give adults with Obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

CPAP

49
Q

treatment quinsy

A

drainage plus metranidazole 500mg bd

50
Q

Glandular fever

A 
3 weeks general malaise
petechiae on palate
fever
septic 
enlarged tonsills with exudate in sheets
very sore throat
51
Q

where are adenoids?

A

roof and posterior wall of nasopharynx

52
Q

three types of stridor and likely areas affected

A

inspiratory - laryngeal
expiratory - tracheobronchial
biphasic - glottitis

53
Q

stretor? inspiratory or expiratory?

A

stretor is only inspiratory and is a gasping/snoring noise caused by partial block of airway above the larynx

54
Q

acute mastoiditis symptoms

A

Bulging of pinna – swelling and tenderness behind ear
Fever
Ear discharge, hearing loss
possibility of cerebral abcess

55
Q

tonsillitis episodes per year for tonsillectomy

A

severe episodes:
7in 1 year
5 per year for 2
3 a year for 3

56
Q

severe or profound hearing loss children what proportion born?

A

1 in 1000

57
Q

three worrying signs head and neck malignancy

A

breathing trouble, swallowing trouble, pain

58
Q

2 most common trache tube types?

A

double lumen or single lumen

59
Q

where does the parotid open to in mouth?

A

2nd molar

60
Q

submandibular duct opens onto

A

under tongue

61
Q

most common parotid tumour

A

pleomorphic adenoma

62
Q

complication of parotid surgery

A

Freys syndrome (gustatory sweating) and facial palsy

63
Q

nerves at risk in submandibular gland surgery

A

Lingual, hypoglossal, marginal mandibular branch of facial

64
Q

gold standard for lump in the neck

A

USS + FNAC

65
Q

TNM what does T stand for?

A

Tumour, how aggressive is tumour

66
Q

otomycossis

A

fungal infection external ear

67
Q

acitinic keratosis treatment

A

s. flourouracil or nitrogen

68
Q

2 conditions that cause cerebral abcess

A

cholesteatoma and mastoiditis

69
Q

what is bony labyrinth filled with

what is membranous filled with

A

perilymph

endolymph

4th Year (10 decks)

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