ENT

Question 1

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Answer 1

Vertigo lasting seconds to minutes on changing head position (e.g. sitting to lying down, turning head suddenly)

Cause: idiopathic,Degenration, trauma, or post viral

People aged 50 or more most likely
more common in women than men
damage or disorder of the balance organs of ear

Brief episode of mild to intense dizziness, sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning, loss of balance or unsteadiness, nausea, vomiting

Nystagmus usually accompanies the symptoms of BPPV

Triggered by specific changes to the position of head

Investigation: Hallpike testing ( Turn head 45 degrees, back body move, head below 30 degrees of table, nystagmus and symptoms will occur)

Question 2

Vertigo

Answer 2

Sensation that you, or the environment around you is spinning

Question 3

Nystagmus

Answer 3

Involuntary, rapid, and repetitive movement of the eyes - either horizontal or vertical

Question 4

Menieres disease

Answer 4

Recurrent episodes of tinnitus,
paroxysmal (sudden recurrence and intensification) vertigo (hours to days), and unilateral fluctuating hearing loss.

After episode signs and symptoms improve and might disappear entirely.

Episodes can occur weeks to years apart.

chronic condition, starts 20-50,

Caused by an abnormal homeostasis of the endolymph (inner ear fluid)

Factors that contribute to menieres disease:

• improper fluid drainage (blockage or congenital abnormality)
• abnormal immune response, allergies, viral infections, genetic predisposition, head trauma, migraines

No specific test will confrim the diagnosis. audiogram, electronystagmography, MRI

Question 5

Thyroglossal cyst

Answer 5

common, 70% of congenital neck abnormalities

Develops because of the anomalous growth and migration of the thyroid gland
in utero.

Cystic remnant along the course of the thyroglossal duct

Most present early (10) but some late

Diagnosis clinically. USS to confirm

Site of lump- 75% midline, smooth, rounded, asymptomatic

May cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing

Protrusion of tongue -> If moves -> Cyst
(Thyroid mass would not move)

Swallowing (Does not move on swallowing) Thyroid mass would move on swallowing

Question 6

Tonsillitis

Answer 6

Presentations: Fever, sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, tender cervical lymph nodes, lethargy, malaise

Sings: Enlarged inflamed tonsils, may have white exudates

Causes: Infuenza, group A streptococcal infection

Common in kids and teenagers