ENT - 3 (larynx) Flashcards
what are the phases if swallowing?
- oral phase (voluntary)
- pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
- oesophageal phase (involuntary)
what nerves involved in oral phase of swallowing?
facial muscles (VII), intrinsic & extrinsic tongue muscles (XII), soft palate (X)
what nerves make pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX & X
what is gag reflex?
protective reflex - stimulated by sensory to posterior 1/3 (IX) and triggers motor by constricting pharynx (X) & longitudinal muscles of pharynx (IX & X)
what are the laryngeal muscles?
- thyroarytenoid (relax ligament, decrease pitch)
- cricothyroid (tense vocal ligament, increase pitch)
- posterior cricoarytenoid (abducts vocal cords)
- lateral cricoarytenoid (adducts vocal cords)
- all apart from cricothyroid supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve
what muscles contracting larynx in forced respiration?
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle = abducts vocal cords to make wide so breathe
what nerve supplies mucosa above & below vocal folds?
above vocal folds = internal laryngeal nerve (comes from superior laryngeal branch off vagus)
below vocal folds = inferior laryngeal nerve (continuation of recurrent laryngeal branch off vagus)
describe process of making oral sounds?
- soft palate tenses (CN V3) & elevates (CN X) to close off nasopharynx, sound interrupted by tongue (CN XII) & teeth + lips (CN V/VII) to make vowels
what is route of CN IX?
- leaves CNS at upper medulla oblongata
- passes through jugular foramen
- gives tympanic branch
- enters parapharyngeal space & lays on stylopharyngeus muscle
- passes through mouth to supply palatine tonsil & posterior 1/3 tongue
where is buccal fat pad?
it’s under cheekbones - clinical sign of malnutrition
what are muscles of mastication?
lateral pterygoid = opens jaw
medial pterygoid, temporalis, masseter = close jaw
what are muscles of tongue?
- palatoglossus →CN X
- styloglossus →CN XII
- genioglossus →CN XII
- hypoglossus → CN XII
what are muscles of soft palate and what are they doing?
- palatoglossus = depresses soft palate
- musculus uvulae = shortens uvula
- palatopharyngeus = elevates pharynx & depresses soft palate
- tensor veli palatini = tenses palatine aponeurosis
- levator veli patani = lifts palatine aponeurosis
what nerve supplies muscles of soft palate?
CN X apart from tensor veli palatini (CN V3)
what is waldeyer’s tonsillar ring?
= ring at back of throat with pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil
what are the outer circular constrictor muscles of pharynx?
- superior, middle & inferior pharyngeal constrictors
what are inner longitudinal vertical muscle layers?
- stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
what nerves supply pharyngeal muscles?
CN X
what are infrahyoid muscles? (4)
- omohyoid
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
- sternohyoid
what are suprahyoid muscles?
- digastric (anterior & posterior belly)
- mylohyoid
- geniohydoid
