ENT Flashcards
What is the eustachian tube?
Connects middle ear to throat to equalise pressure
What are the 3 small bones of the ear called?
Malleus, incus, stapes
What is the role of the semicircular canals?
Sense head movement (vestibular system)
What is the role of the cochlea?
Converts sound vibration to nervous signal
What is a normal Weber’s?
Equal in both ears
What is seen in sensorineural hearing loss in Weber’s?
Sound louder in normal ear
What is seen in conductive hearing loss in Weber’s?
Sound louder in affected ear
Why in conductive hearing loss is the sound louder in affected ear in Weber’s?
Affected ear ‘turns up the volume’ and becomes more sensitive
What is Rinne’s positive?
Normal- Air conduction better than bone
What is Rinne’s negative?
Abnormal- Bone conduction better than air- Suggests conductive cause
List medications that can cause sensorineural hearing loss
Loop diuretics- Furosemide
Aminoglycosides- Gentamicin
Chemotherapy- Cisplatin
List neurological conditions that can cause sensorineural hearing loss
Stroke
MS
Brain tumour
List causes of conductive hearing loss
Tumour, exostoses, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, perforated tympanic membrane, eustachian tube dysfunction, fluid in middle ear, otitis externa/media, ear wax
What is leukoplakia?
White patches in mouth
Precancerous- Increased risk SCC of mouth
What are the characteristics of leukoplakia?
Asymptomatic patches
Irregular
Slightly raised
Not able to scrape off
Outline management of leukoplakia
Biopsy to exclude abnormal cells
Stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, close monitoring
Potentially laser removal or surgical excision
What are erythroplakia?
Similar to leukoplakia, but lesions are red
What is lichen planus?
Autoimmune condition
Causes localised chronic inflammation
Outline characteristics of lichen planus
Shiny, purplish, flat-topped raised areas with white lines across surface- Wickham’s striae
Occurs in >45y women
What are the 3 potential patterns of lichen planus in the mouth?
Reticular- Wickham’s striae
Erosive lesions- Surface of mucosa eroded- Bright red sore areas
Plaques- Large continuous areas of white mucosa
Outline management of lichen planus
Good oral hygiene, stop smoking
Topical steroids
What is gingivitis?
Inflammation of gums
How does gingivitis present?
Swollen gums
Bleeding after brushing
Painful gums
Bad breath (halitosis)
What is a key complication of gingivitis?
Periodontitis