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Pediatric Boards > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of conductive hearing loss?

A

Middle ear effusion (OME)

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2
Q

What are clues to mild conductive hearing loss?

A

Ignoring commands, slight increase in television volume

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3
Q

How does a cholesteatoma present?

A

Ear discharge (with canal debris) or hearing loss or both in the affected ear; foul-smelling debris after TM perforation

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4
Q

Treatment of cholesteatoma?

A

Surgical removal

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5
Q

Presentation of viral labyrinthitis?

A

Sudden onset of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss

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6
Q

Causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, salicylate, viral (CMV, MMR, toxo)

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7
Q

Most common neonatal cause of hearing loss?

A

Bacterial meningitis (usually in first 24 hours)

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8
Q

Most common cause of chronic suppurative OM?

A

Pseudomonas

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9
Q

What is the dx if chronic suppurative OM does not respond to treatment?

A

Cholesteatoma

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10
Q

Treatment of choice for chronic otitis media?

A

Tubes (not antibiotics)

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11
Q

When and why to change antibiotics in AOM?

A

Fever and/or pain 2-3 days after starting PO antibiotics

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12
Q

Complication of of tympanostomy tubes causing bloody otorrhea?

A

Tympanostomy tube granuloma

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13
Q

Most common cause of otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas

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14
Q

Prevention of otitis externa?

A

Ear plugs, acidifying ear canal (boric acid or acetic acid)

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15
Q

Treatment of external ear hematoma?

A

Needle aspiration

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16
Q

Treatment of mastoiditis?

A

IV abx and surgery

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17
Q

FACES–mnemonic for causes of chronic rhinitis?

A 
Foreign body
Allergies
Cystic fibrosis
Extra tissue (polyps)
Sinusitis
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18
Q

Presentation of choanal atresia?

A

Cyanosis while feeding and resolution with crying

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19
Q

What is CHARGE syndrome?

A 
Coloboma
Heart defects
Atresia choanae
Retardation of growth and development
GU abnormalities
Ear abnormalities (including SNHL)
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20
Q

What test to order in patient with nasal polyps?

A

Sweat chloride (rule out CF)

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21
Q

When do sinuses develop?

A

Maxillary–at birth
Ethmoid–at birth
Sphenoid–start at 3yo, finished at 7yo
Frontal–finished in early teen years

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22
Q

CNS Complication of AOM?

A

Meningitis

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23
Q

CNS complication of acute sinusitis?

A 
Orbital cellulitis (ethmoid sinusitis--ethmoid/eye)
Brain abscess (frontal sinusitis)
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24
Q

Risk factors for chronic sinusitis?

A

Allergies, immune deficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesis, CF

25
Q

Test of choice with worsening epistaxis?

A

CT (rule out posterior NP mass, like nasopharyngeal angiofibroma)

26
Q

Can GAS be positive with EBV mono?

A

YES–asymptomatic carriers!! (Does not necessarily differentiate EBV and GAS pharyngitis–look for HSM with EBV)

27
Q

Difference between CMV and EBV mono?

A

Kids with CMV are older; however, preschool kids with EBV are usually asymptomatic

28
Q

At what age is monospot most INsensitive?

A

Less than 4yo–do viral titers (can also be negative and become positive weeks into disease)

29
Q

Presentation of GC pharyngitis?

A

Sexually active teen, usually with hx of STD’s, pharyngitis with erythematous patches; test for GC pharyngitis and for other STD’s

30
Q

What is trismus?

A

Inability to open the mouth

31
Q

Presentation of peritonsillary abscess?

A

Dysphagia, trismus, drooling, cervical adenopathy, unilateral peritonsillary swelling, deviation of uvula; dx with CT

32
Q

Treatment of PTA?

A

Needle aspiration, abx–Unasyn/Augmentin, clinda

33
Q

Presentation of RPA?

A

Hyperextended or stiff neck, drooling, respiratory difficulties, adenopathy, fever, dysphagia

34
Q

Diagnosis of RPA?

A

CT (widening of retraphyngeal space)

35
Q

Treatment of RPA?

A

Needle aspiration, abx–Unaysn/Augmentin, clinda

36
Q

Compare/contrast RPA and epiglottitis.

A

Both have drooling and may have respiratory difficulties; epiglottitis lean forward, while RPA hyperextendes neck

37
Q

Age difference between PTA and RPA?

A

RPA more common in kids <4yo

38
Q

Presentation of cold-induced panniculitis?

A

Tender red nodules on cheek, afebrile, good PO, sleeping with something very cold like teething pacifier

39
Q

Causes of delayed tooth eruption (4H + Rickets)?

A 
Hypothyroidism
Hypopituitarism
Hypoplasia (ectodermal)
Hypohidrosis
Rickets
39
Q

Treatment of dental abscess?

A

Penicillin (clinda or azithro if allergic)

40
Q

Mnemonic for causes of inspiratory stridor (INSP)?

A

Immobile cords (paralyzed–bilateral)
Noid (adenoid and tonsillary enlargement)
Soft cartilage (laryngomalacia)
Pharyngeal and hypopharyngeal masses

41
Q

Most common cause of congenital stridor?

A

Laryngomalacia

42
Q

Cause of vocal cord paralysis?

A

Traumatic injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve at birth or to CNS injury/impairment

43
Q

Do kids with laryngomalacia have feeding problems or FTT?

A

NO!!

44
Q

What finding does tracheomalacia cause?

A

Expiratory stridor or wheezing (trachea is intrathroracic, so increased pressure during expiration causes collapse); stridor may be biphasic if lesion is high enough

45
Q

Hint for vascular ring causing expiratory stridor?

A

Feeding problems

46
Q

Presentation of epiglottitis?

A

4 or 5yo, inspiratory (or biphasic) stridor, drooling, dysphagia, dysphonia, distress, leaning forwards, no vaccines; NO cough

47
Q

Epiglottitis finding on lateral neck XR?

A

Thumb sign (edematous epiglottis)

48
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis?

A

Airway emergency–prep for intubation if necessary; ceftriaxone (HiB)

49
Q

Serious complication of croup?

A

Bacterial tracheitis super-infection

50
Q

Presentation of spasmodic croup?

A

Usually allergic, nightly symptoms, hx of atopic issues, no preceding URI symptoms

51
Q

Treatment of spasmodic croup?

A

Same as viral croup

52
Q

Cause of laryngeal papillomas?

A

HPV–cause hoarseness, treat with laser, consider child abuse

53
Q

Presentation of thyroglossal cyst?

A

Midline anterior neck lesion, moves vertically with swallowing or sticking out tongue, may be communicating with skin

54
Q

Treatment of thyroglossal cyst?

A

NO surgery–may be only functioning thyroid tissue

55
Q

Presentatio of adenviral lymphadenopathy?

A

Preauricular LAD and conjunctivitis

56
Q

Most common cause of bacterial parotitis?

A

Staph aureus

57
Q

Treatment of atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis?

A

Surgical excision

Pediatric Boards (12 decks)

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