Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GP block > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of hearing loss?

A
  • Conductive

- Sensorineural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does the presentation of hearing loss need immediate referral to ENT?

A
  • Sudden onset not explained by ex or middle ear causes
  • Unilat hearing loss w focal neurology
  • Hearing loss w head or neck injury
  • Otalgia or otorrhoea that hasn’t responded to treatment w/i 72 hrs in immunosuppressed person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the causes of conductive hearing loss?

A
  • Wax impaction
  • Otitis externa or media or media w effusion
  • Necrotising otitis externa
  • TM perforation
  • Otosclerosis
  • Cholesteatoma
  • Paraganglioma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • Presbycusis
  • Noise related hearing loss
  • Labyrinthitis
  • Meniere’s disease
  • Vestibular schwannoma
  • Ototoxin exposure
  • Infection eg. meningitis or measles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Abnormalities in outer or middle ear impairing sound wave conduction through the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Abnormalities in cochlea, auditory nerve or structures from inner ear to auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different balance disorders?

A
  • Benign proximal vertigo
  • Labrynthitis
  • Meniere’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A
  • Spont vertigo, no N+V, unsteadiness can last for days
  • Tinnitus = roaring
  • Hearing loss
  • Sensations of pressure in ear
  • Due to disorder of the inner ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Meniere’s disease managed?

A
  • Refer to ENT
  • Advise on attacks - keep meds close
  • Advise on not driving
  • Prochlorperazine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is labrynthitis?

A

Inflam of inner ear, can be viral or bacterial - dizziness, vertigo, N+V, hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the sx of acute sinusitis?

A
  • Nasal blockage/discharge
  • Reduced sense of smell
  • Alt speech
  • Tenderness and face pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When should you suspect acute bacterial sinusitis?

A
  • Sx >10 days
  • Purulent discharge
  • Fever >38
  • Severe local pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the management of acute sinusitis? What do you do if there are symptoms for >10days?

A
  • Reassure likely viral - self care measures

- If >10 days = nasal corticosteroid or abx = co amox or clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the CF of chronic sinusitis?

A
  • Nasal blockage/discharge/reduced sense of smell >12 weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the management of chronic sinusitis?

A
  • Admission if orbital involvement/intracranial involvement
  • Check if have associated disorder eg. allergic rhinitis, asthma, dental infection
  • Avoid triggers, stop smoking, good dental hygiene
  • Nasal irrigation w saline
  • Intranasal corticosteroids
  • ENT referral
  • Need microbiology advise for long term abx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Accumulation of keratinising squamous epithelium due to Eustachian tube dysfunction - TM retracted creating a sac and keratin gets stuck in the sac.

17
Q

What is the presentation of cholesteatoma?

A
  • Repeated purulent otorrhoea
  • Abx don’t resolve the problem
  • Hearing loss possible
  • Red flags - vertigo, headache, facial nerve palsy = risk intracranial abscess or meningitis
18
Q

What are some causes of congenital deafness?

A

Prenatal - infections eg. rubella, drug and alcohol use in pregnancy, genetic causes, preeclampsia
Perinatal - hypoxia at birth
Postnatal - meningitis in early life

19
Q

How do you test hearing in neonates and when?

A

Automated otoacoustic emission test
Test baby’s hearing on birth and then 8 months later, tell parents to keep an eye on baby’s development, if slow alert health visitor.

20
Q

What is allergic rhinitis? What are the CF?

A

Inflam of the nasal mucosa = sneezing, itchiness and a blocked/runny nose.

21
Q

How do you manage allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Long acting non sedating antihistamines
  • Nasal saline can remove irritants
  • Corticosteroid spray for persistent symptoms
22
Q

What are nasal polyps and what are the CF?

A

Benign growths inside the nose.

  • Get blocked/runny nose
  • Post nasal drip
  • Reduced smell or taste
  • Nosebleeds and snoring
23
Q

What is the treatment of nasal polyps?

A
  • Steroid nose drops to shrink polyps
  • Can be PO steroids is polyps large and not responding to sprays/drops
  • No improvement after 10 weeks - surgery but recurrence is common
24
Q

What is BPPV?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Vertigo w head movements, caused by movements of crystals in the inner ear which create sensation of moving.

25
Q

What is the Dix Hallpike manoeuvre?

A

Way to diagnose BPPV.
Have the patient sitting and their head at 45 degrees and then quickly move to lying down. Patient’s sx of vertgio should be recreated and should be able to observe nystagmus.

26
Q

What are Epley manoeuvres?

A

Way to treat BPPV.
Start in finishing position of Dix Hallpike and then turn head to other side, patient on to side and look at floor then sit patient up.

27
Q

What is the presentation of nasal fracture?

A
  • Swollen, painful, bleedig nose
  • Crunching o/e
  • Difficulty breathing through nose
  • Deformity
28
Q

What are some red flags w nasal fracture?

A
  • Evidence of septal haematoma
  • Skull fracture eg. battle sign, CSF out of nose/ears, panda eyes
  • Severe epitaxis
29
Q

What is the management of nasal fracture?

A
  • Analgesia and ice pack to reduce swelling (normally two swollen to examine and image)
  • Refer to ENT for 7-10 days manipulation if needed
30
Q

What are the sx of deviated nasal septum?

A
  • Repeated sinus infections
  • Sleep apnoea and snoring
  • Reduced smell
  • Sneezing
31
Q

What is the treatment of deviated nasal septum?

A
  • Septoplasty is the only curative

- GPs do offer decongestants, antihistamines and corticosteroids but they don’t do very much

32
Q

What is a vestibular migraine?

A

Diagnosed when pt has 5 episodes of verstibular sx - N+V, visual disorders, occipital pressure, sensitivity to movement and vertigo.
Don’t need to have migraine sx so is hard to diagnose.

33
Q

What is the management of vestibular migraine?

A
  • Preventative meds - amitryptilline, flunarizine (most popular but GP can’t prescribe)
  • Acute headache attack = triptans or NSAIDs
  • Acute vertigo attack - prochlorperazine
  • Greater occipital nerve block can reduce severity and freq
34
Q

What is vestibulopathy?

A

Disorder of the middle ear causing vertigo symptoms, normally a diagnosis of exclusion.

  • Vertigo, N+V
  • Hearing loss and tinnitus
  • Imbalance and chronic dizziness
  • Oscillopsia
35
Q

What is the management of vestibulopathy?

A
  • Avoid ototoxins that can cause/worsen it eg. gentamycin

- Vestibular rehab therapy eg. gaze stabilisation exercises, balance and gait training

36
Q

What are the CF of thyroid nodules?

A
  • Solid/fluid filled lump in mid line of neck
  • Smooth margin, ovoid/flat shape
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Voice change
  • Pain in neck
37
Q

How do you ix thyroid nodules?

A
  • TFTs

- USS - need to rule out malignancy

38
Q

What is the management of thyroid nodules?

A
  • Hospital admission if stridor or airway obstruction
  • Urgent referral if red flags
  • Monitor if palpable but longstanding, unchanging and no red flags or incidentally picked up w no red flags
39
Q

What are the red flags for cervical lympadenopathy?

A
  • > 6 weeks
  • Fixed, hard, irregular
  • Rapidly growing in size
  • General not just cervical
  • Associated w other sx
  • Unexplained change in voice and difficulty swallowing

GP block (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions