Enlightenment Ch.17 Flashcards
Thomas Jefferson
The principal author if the Declaration of Independence, a document that reflects john Lockes ideas of governments obligation to protect the people’s natural rights to “life, liberty, and property.”
Salon
Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanges ideas
Diderot
Worked for years to produce a 28-volume set of books called the encyclopedia
George lll
Set out to be a king, wanted to end Whig domination, choose his own ministers, dissolve the cabinet system, and make parliament follow his will.
Baroque
Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
Rococo
Personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers
Popular sovereignty
Basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed
Montesquieu
Studied the governments of Europe, from Italy to England. Published “the spirit of the laws” in which he discussed governments throughout history
Adam smith
“The Wealth of Nations” argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity.
George Washington
Virginia planter and soldier. Gathered in Philadelphia and met in a continental congress to decide what action to take with others
What is the social contract
An agreement in which the people give up their freedom for an organized society ;Book written by Rousseau in which he felt that society placed too many limitations in people’s behavior
What is natural law
Rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism
What did Mary wollestonecraft write about
In “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” she called for equal education for girls and boys
Who were the physiocrats
French thinkers who focused on economic reforms. Based their thinking on natural laws. Urged a policy of laissez faire and supported free trade and opposed tariffs
Why were the enlightenment writers censored
The church wanted to protect against the attacks of the Enlightenment. They felt they had a sacred duty to defend the older order
What was an enlightenment despot
Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
Which enlightenment despot went against his people in disguise
Joseph ll
Why the battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American revolution
The American victory persuaded France to join the Americans against Britain. The alliance brought the Americans needed supplies, soldiers, and French warships
What was the purpose of the Philadelphia convention of 1787
Representatives from each colony gathered to decide what action to take after the Boston tea party
Thomas hobes
In “Leviathon” he argues that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. Hobes believed that people entered into a social contract in which they gave up their freedom for an organized society
Where did checks and balances come from
Montesquieu believed that there should be three branches of government and each branch should be able to check the other two with got its name checks and balances
Why was Diderots encyclopedia important
He changed the general way of thinking. He explained ideas on topics such as government and philosophy. It included articles by leading thinkers of the day
What did Adam smith say about supply and demand
Wherever there was a demand for goods or services suppliers would seek to meet that demand in order to gain profits.
Voltaire
“My trade, is to say what I think” he targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats
John Locke
Thought people were basically reasonable and moral. They had certain natural rights, rights that belonged to all humans from birth
Rene Descartes
Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding
Voltaire’s novel “candide”
The hero of the novel travels across Europe and even to the Americas and the Middle East in search of “the best of all possible world” ; used to avoid censorship
What musical style is represented by Mozart, handle, and Haden
Classical
How did enlightenment writers avoid censorship
They disguised their ideas in work of fiction. They used satire to make fun of and make a point
How did the government and the church justify censorship
They banned and burned books and imprisoned writers. They felt that god had set up the old order.
Stamp act
Imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets
Sugar act
Imposed import taxes
Declaratory act
Act that said parliament had complete authority over the colonists
Navigation act
Regulate colonial trade and manufacturing
How did the federal republic divide power
Three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. All could check on each other
Which enlightenment thinker came up with the separation of powers
Montesquieu
