Enlightenment

Question 1

Federal System

Answer 1

• States and gov’t share power

- 3 branches of gov’t

Question 2

Articles of Confederation

Answer 2

Weaker, 1st version of US Constitution

Question 3

Diplomatic Recognition

Answer 3

A state acknowledging another state or gov’t in control of a state

Question 4

George Washington

Answer 4

Leader of the American Continental Army.

First U.S. President

Question 5

Declaration of Independence

Answer 5

• approved July 4, 1776
• written by Thomas Jefferson
• Declared America’s independence from Great Britain

Question 6

First Continental Congress

Answer 6

meeting of delegates from 12 of 13 colonies about how to overthrow Great Britain’s rule

Question 7

American Revolution

Answer 7

A movement in which American colonies rebelled against Great Britain

Question 8

Rococo

Answer 8

An art style that replaced Baroque art and came along with the Enlightenment. Light/happy/natural feel to it.

Question 9

Catherine the Great

Answer 9

• believed in legal equality but did nothing about it due to fear of nobles
• conditions for peasants got worse and caused rebellion
• expanded Russia

Question 10

Joseph II

Answer 10

son of Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria.

• eliminated serfdom & death penalty, allowed religious freedom
• too much reform too quickly, successors undid changes after his death

Question 11

Frederick the Great

Answer 11

• ruler of Prussia
• limited torture, allowed some freedom of press, speech, religion
• still protected social status of nobles and army officials

Question 12

Enlightened Absolutism

Answer 12

Rulers trying to enforce enlightenment ideas while maintaining royal powers

Question 13

Natural Rights

Answer 13

1. Legal Equality
2. Religious Freedom
3. Freedom to own property
4. Freedom to pursue happiness

Question 14

John Wesley

Answer 14

• founder of Methodist movement
• preached to lower classes
• helped abolish slavery in England in 1833

Question 15

Salons

Answer 15

Areas where people met to discuss philosophy, politics, and literature.

Question 16

Social Contract Theory

Answer 16

Society will agree to be governed if the government supports the general will. If not, society has the right to rebel against the government.

Question 17

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 17

• believed gov’t was too oppressive
• came up with Social Contract Theory
• favored emotion and reason
• still harsh to women and children

Question 18

Geocentric

Answer 18

the belief that the earth is at the center of the universe

Question 19

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 19

wrote against extreme capital punishment

Question 20

Laissez-Faire

Answer 20

the belief that the state should not interfere with the economy

Question 21

Adam Smith

Answer 21

• wrote “Wealth of Nations”

- started Laissez-Faire belief

Question 22

Denis Diderot

Answer 22

• wrote 28 volume encyclopedia from 1751-1772
• attacked religious superstition
• promotes religious tolerance

Question 23

Deism

Answer 23

belief in lack of heavenly interference

Question 24

Voltaire

Answer 24

• promoted religious tolerance
• “all men are brothers under God”
• against tyranny and ignorance
• father of deism

Question 25

Montesquieu

Answer 25

French philosophe - identified separation of powers - identified checks & balances and its importance.

Question 26

John Locke

Answer 26

English philosopher who believed humans are shaped by experiences

Question 27

Philosophe

Answer 27

writers, journalists, economists who were social reformers. Mostly French, some English.

Question 28

Tabula Rasa

Answer 28

"blank slate" | belief that humans are born blank, and are shaped by surroundings and experiences.

Question 29

The Enlightenment

Answer 29

era from 1620's to 1780's in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, and industrialism rather than traditional lines of authority

Question 30

Galileo Galilei

Answer 30

Italian astronomer - objects in space are physical - church opposed his idea - Universal law of acceleration - supported heliocentrism - improved telescope

Question 31

Maria Winkelmann

Answer 31

first woman to discover a comet. less recognition because she was a woman.

Question 32

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 32

Father of the heliocentric model

Question 33

Rene Descartes

Answer 33

French philosopher - father of rationalism - Doubted own existence - "I think, therefore I am"

Question 34

Rationalism

Answer 34

the belief that everything can be explained with reason.

Question 35

Isaac Newton

Answer 35

English physicist, astronomer, and philosopher - discovered 3 laws of motion - Universal Law of Gravitation - said physical universe is predictable - said people must be predictable, too

Question 36

Francis Bacon

Answer 36

English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method

Question 37

Johannes Kepler

Answer 37

German astronomer who discovered 3 laws of planetary motion and supported/improved the heliocentric model.

Question 38

Robert Boyle

Answer 38

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, and theological writer. Father of modern chemistry

Question 39

Margaret Cavendish

Answer 39

English scientist/philosopher who published revolutionary literature. Taken less seriously because she was a woman.

Question 40

Hellocentric

Answer 40

The model that puts the Sun at the center of the universe.

Question 41

Bill of Rights

Answer 41

First 10 amendments of the US Constitution.