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Honors World History > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Federal System

A
  • States and gov’t share power

- 3 branches of gov’t

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2
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

Weaker, 1st version of US Constitution

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3
Q

Diplomatic Recognition

A

A state acknowledging another state or gov’t in control of a state

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4
Q

George Washington

A

Leader of the American Continental Army.

First U.S. President

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5
Q

Declaration of Independence

A
  • approved July 4, 1776
  • written by Thomas Jefferson
  • Declared America’s independence from Great Britain
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6
Q

First Continental Congress

A

meeting of delegates from 12 of 13 colonies about how to overthrow Great Britain’s rule

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7
Q

American Revolution

A

A movement in which American colonies rebelled against Great Britain

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8
Q

Rococo

A

An art style that replaced Baroque art and came along with the Enlightenment. Light/happy/natural feel to it.

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9
Q

Catherine the Great

A
  • believed in legal equality but did nothing about it due to fear of nobles
  • conditions for peasants got worse and caused rebellion
  • expanded Russia
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10
Q

Joseph II

A

son of Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria.

  • eliminated serfdom & death penalty, allowed religious freedom
  • too much reform too quickly, successors undid changes after his death
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11
Q

Frederick the Great

A
  • ruler of Prussia
  • limited torture, allowed some freedom of press, speech, religion
  • still protected social status of nobles and army officials
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12
Q

Enlightened Absolutism

A

Rulers trying to enforce enlightenment ideas while maintaining royal powers

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13
Q

Natural Rights

A
  1. Legal Equality
  2. Religious Freedom
  3. Freedom to own property
  4. Freedom to pursue happiness
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14
Q

John Wesley

A
  • founder of Methodist movement
  • preached to lower classes
  • helped abolish slavery in England in 1833
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15
Q

Salons

A

Areas where people met to discuss philosophy, politics, and literature.

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16
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

Society will agree to be governed if the government supports the general will. If not, society has the right to rebel against the government.

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17
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A
  • believed gov’t was too oppressive
  • came up with Social Contract Theory
  • favored emotion and reason
  • still harsh to women and children
18
Q

Geocentric

A

the belief that the earth is at the center of the universe

19
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

wrote against extreme capital punishment

20
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

the belief that the state should not interfere with the economy

21
Q

Adam Smith

A
  • wrote “Wealth of Nations”

- started Laissez-Faire belief

22
Q

Denis Diderot

A
  • wrote 28 volume encyclopedia from 1751-1772
  • attacked religious superstition
  • promotes religious tolerance
23
Q

Deism

A

belief in lack of heavenly interference

24
Q

Voltaire

A
  • promoted religious tolerance
  • “all men are brothers under God”
  • against tyranny and ignorance
  • father of deism
25
Q

Montesquieu

A

French philosophe

  • identified separation of powers
  • identified checks & balances and its importance.
26
Q

John Locke

A

English philosopher who believed humans are shaped by experiences

27
Q

Philosophe

A

writers, journalists, economists who were social reformers. Mostly French, some English.

28
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

“blank slate”

belief that humans are born blank, and are shaped by surroundings and experiences.

29
Q

The Enlightenment

A

era from 1620’s to 1780’s in which cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, and industrialism rather than traditional lines of authority

30
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Italian astronomer

  • objects in space are physical
  • church opposed his idea
  • Universal law of acceleration
  • supported heliocentrism
  • improved telescope
31
Q

Maria Winkelmann

A

first woman to discover a comet. less recognition because she was a woman.

32
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Father of the heliocentric model

33
Q

Rene Descartes

A

French philosopher

  • father of rationalism
  • Doubted own existence
  • “I think, therefore I am”
34
Q

Rationalism

A

the belief that everything can be explained with reason.

35
Q

Isaac Newton

A

English physicist, astronomer, and philosopher

  • discovered 3 laws of motion
  • Universal Law of Gravitation
  • said physical universe is predictable
  • said people must be predictable, too
36
Q

Francis Bacon

A

English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method

37
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

German astronomer who discovered 3 laws of planetary motion and supported/improved the heliocentric model.

38
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, and theological writer. Father of modern chemistry

39
Q

Margaret Cavendish

A

English scientist/philosopher who published revolutionary literature. Taken less seriously because she was a woman.

40
Q

Hellocentric

A

The model that puts the Sun at the center of the universe.

41
Q

Bill of Rights

A

First 10 amendments of the US Constitution.

Honors World History (10 decks)

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