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Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

The Ancients

A

-If Aristotle said it and it didn’t contradict the Bible, then it was a fact.

-Few prior to the 1500s questioned the ideas of Ancient thinkers

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2
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

-People started questioning and observing the natural world

-Challenging the Ancients, along with the Church

-Advances in math, chem, astronomy, and the printing press fueled a philosophical enlightenment

-Logical deduction

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3
Q

Ptolemaic System

A

The geocentric model of the universe
Fixed, motionless earth, with a series of crystal-like, transparent spheres
In the eyes of the Church, god existed beyond the 10th sphere

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4
Q

Copernican Universe

A

Nicholas Copernicus (Mathematician)
Offered up Heliocentric Theory
Sun at the center of the universe and the moon revolved around the earth

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5
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Showed through astronomical observation that the orbits of the planets around the sun were elliptical, rather than circular

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Mathematician that wanted to explain what planets were made of and the motion in the universe
Used telescope to make observations
Discovered that heavenly bodies weren’t orbs of light, but were composed of matter- contradicted the Bible
If heavenly bodies were made of material, the bible was wrong so the church put him on house arrest and ordered him to abandon the Copernican model

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7
Q

Isaac Newton

A

-Defined laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation

-Explained why planets stay in elliptical orbits

-Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity
1. Law of Motion- inertia
2. f=ma
3. Action-reaction law- equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

-helped define the universe as a big machine

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8
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Analytical Geometry
Strict rules of reason and rationality to arrive at basic truths- I think therefore I am

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9
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Founder of modern chemistry

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10
Q

Scientific method

A

New method of systematically collecting and analyzing evidence

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11
Q

Enlightenment

A

logic and reason

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12
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

-Leviathan

-All humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments, life would be horrible. To escape that type of life, people entered a social contract and gave up some of their rights to strong governments in return for order

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13
Q

John Locke

A

-Reasoned that humans created government, thus gov. receives its power from the people
-Believed that all people had NATURAL RIGHTS that could not be taken away
-Government was created to protect these rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY
-If the government fails to do so, it is the RIGHT/DUTY of the people to replace it with something that will
-became basis for the American revolution
-created TABULA RASA, all men are created equal

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14
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Locke, all men are created equal

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15
Q

Voltaire

A

-Championed the rights of free speech and religion
-Criticized the church and Christianity in general
-Created enemies because of his challenges to the church and governments
-Created the idea of Deism

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16
Q

Deism

A

Voltaire, idea that the world was a machine that god set in motion to run on its own (clockmaker)

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17
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Developed a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers
- executive, legislative, judicial

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18
Q

Jean Jeaques Rousseau

A

“forced to be free”- most free with government
Idea that governments could only be good if they got their power from the “general will”

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19
Q

Cesar Beccaria

A

Punishments should not be exercised in brutality
Wrote of the abuses of justice, denounced the use of torture and thought that capital punishment should be abolished

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20
Q

Adam Smith

A

-Laissez faire
-3 basic roles: provide army, police, and public works
-The Wealth of Nations

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21
Q

Laissez faire

A

to let be/ to let alone

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22
Q

Denis Diderot

A

published 28- volume encyclopedia

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23
Q

Salons

A

meeting places where ideas flowed freely amongst the people

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24
Q

Music eras

A

Early
Renaissance
Baroque
Classical
Romantic

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25
Rococo
style that emphasized grace, elegance, and gentleness Use of gold and curves Use of light, sense of enchantment Spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love escaped the logic and reason they had been beaten over the head with
26
Music
Shift away from the church
27
Baroque
More elaborate and ornamental Bach, Pachelbel, Vivaldi, Handel
28
Classical
cleaner divisions between melodies, created contrast with its change in melody Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven
29
Baroque artists
Bach Pachelbel Vivaldi Handel
30
Classical artists
Mozart Haydn Beethoven
31
Enlightened Absolutism
-Idea that rulers could maintain rule while allowing greater freedoms for the people under them -Lead to rulers banning things like torture, capital punishment, and allowing for greater tolerance of basic freedoms
32
Frederick the Great
Changed his rule from his father's by allowing greater freedoms
33
Joseph II
Abolished serfdom and the death penalty Enacted religious reforms Failed due to confusion by the serfs and restraint from the nobles
34
Catherine the Great
Didn't implement ideas because of the support of the nobility she needed
35
Seven Years' War
France and Britain fight over colonial empires French/Austria/Russia v. Britain/Prussia Stalemate led to Treaty of Paris 1763
36
Treaty of Paris
-1763 -France transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain -Britain becomes the world's greatest colonial power
37
The Americas
Missionaries spread Christianity throughout Latin America
38
Parliament gains more power in Britain when ______ dynasty takes over
Hanoverian
39
USA
-13 colonies enter a new social contract -Declaration of independence sets agenda for a new nation *based on the protection of freedoms*
40
_______________ sorts out the affairs of the states'- purposefully weak
Articles of Confederation
41
Constitutional Convention of 1787
-Proposed a federal system of government -Divides government into judicial, legislative, executive -Bill of rights was adopted as well to protect the rights of the people
42
Scientific Revolution
-How the universe works -natural laws that govern it
43
Enlightenment
How human nature works
44
How did the Scientific Revolution help to advance the Enlightenment?
Logic, reason Scientific methodology Finding things out for yourself
45
Old Regime
Political system since the middle ages
46
3 Estates
1st- Clergy- ran the church and owned 10% of the land 2nd- Nobility-people who held positions of importance throughout France and owned 25-30% of the land 3rd-Commoners- 98% of the population that owned 65% of the land and paid all taxes (taille)
47
Relics of feudalism
-class inequalities -obligations still existed in France
48
Louie XVI
French King who needed money to pay of the debt from the 7 Years' War- inherited a shitload of problems
49
Marie Antoinette
-Wife of Louie XVI, daughter of AUSTRIAN Marie Theresa -Growing disconnection between the monarchy and the people because of her extravagance -Madame Deficit
50
Meeting of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789 French Parliament last convened 1614 Dispute over voting- 3 estates had 1 vote 3rd estate wanted everyone to pay taxes 1, 2 wanted control over finances 3rd estate locked out
51
Tennis Court Oath
When locked out of Estates-General, moved to a tennis court and called itself a National Assembly on June 20, 1789 Swore to continue to meet until they had produced a new constitution Louis prepared to use force against the new assembly Parisian mob stormed the Bastille and changed the fate of the revolution
52
aristocracy
a government in which power is vested in a minority; governing body or upper class usually made up of an hereditary nobility
53
assembly
a legislative body; the gathering of a political or social group
54
bourgeoisie
the middle class
55
class
a group sharing the same economic or social status; social rank
56
courtiers
those in attendance at a royal court, often to entertain or bring concerns to a monarchy
57
despotism
a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power
58
grandiose
impressive because of uncommon largeness, scope, effect or splendor
59
hierarchy
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
60
incorruptible
not subject to decay or dissolution; incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted
61
ominous
having a menacing, alarming character foreshadowing evil or disaster
62
reason
the power of comprehending, inferring, or thinking especially in orderly rational ways
63
sans-culottes
an extreme radical republican group in France at the time of the Revolution
64
Some causes of the French Rev.
-Years of mismanagement -loss of the 7 years' war -bankruptcy -lack of food -population growth -France's investment in the American Revolution
65
What groups in France made up the 3 Estates
1- clergy- 10% of land 2- nobility- 20-25% of land 3- commoners- 97% of population owned 65% of the land
66
The French hated Marie Antoinette because
-She was Austrian -Did not conceive a child early in her marriage -Spent outrageous amounts of money (Madame Deficit)
67
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-All *MEN* are created equal -sovereignty belongs to the people -increased freedoms
68
Robespierre the
Incorruptable
69
"Louis must die, that the country can live"
-Robespierre- only one could remain and go forward -if Louie lived, it meant the Revolution was wrong
70
Jean-Paul Marat's paper
The Friend of the People
71
Important effects of the French Revolution
-France no longer has a monarchy -increased the power of the national state -set a precedent for French democracy -led to the emergence of the middle class
72
What did the people want to see changed most as a result of the Revolution?
-More food (bread cost a month's wages) -Equal rights
73
When was the fall of the Bastille?
July 14, 1789 (Bastille Day)
74
Bastille day (July 14, 1789)
-Bastille represented the torture of the lower class and the oppression they faced by their government -Tore down the Bastille brick by brick -*Marked the beginning of the French Revolution*
75
Peasant Rebellion
Starving Peasants revolt against the old regime
76
How did the Scientific Revolution help to advance the Enlightenment
-logic, reason, scientific methodology -finding things out for themselves -Completely throwing out everything previously thought
77
The Great Fear
Panic that swept the nation with a rear of foreign invasion that lead to the need for a new and stable government
78
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
stated the ideas of the revolution Freedom of press and equality of all men Did not include women
79
Olympe de Gouges
-Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen -not taken seriously
80
Women in the Revolution
Anglry crowd of Parisian women march to Versailles armed with broom-stickes, alnces, pitchforks, swords, pistols and muskets Forced the king to accept the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen and escorted him to Paris
81
Louie and Marie were killed because
the fear of a counter revolution
82
George Danton
One of the main leaders of the revolution Man of the People large, loud, rough around the edges Opposite of Robespierre
83
Maximilien Robespierre
-became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety -"The Incorruptable" -Revolution became more radical under his leadership
84
Marat
publisher of the radical L'ami du People killed in bathtub and made a martyr
85
Jaques Rene Herbert
leader of the de-Christianization movement
86
Reign of Terror
peiod of time where the revolution became very violent, at least 200-400 thousand killed
87
The Great Terror
-Robespierre's republic of virtue enforced by terror -He attempted to wipe out all aspects of the past
88
End of the Terror
Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death -last victim of the Terror
89
Directory
new group of 5 men who ruled France after the fall of Robespierre
90
Coup d'etat
Strike against the state A sudden overthrow of the government
91
Napoleon Bonaparte
-Led the Coup and made himself the single ruler of France -Emulated the Roman Consuls -Father of Modern Europe because of his Code
92
Consulate
new government after the coup
93
Napoleonic Code
-simplification of the French legal system -recognized the principles of equality (but not for women)

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