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HMWH > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

The Ancients

A

-If Aristotle said it and it didn’t contradict the Bible, then it was a fact.

-Few prior to the 1500s questioned the ideas of Ancient thinkers

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2
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

-People started questioning and observing the natural world

-Challenging the Ancients, along with the Church

-Advances in math, chem, astronomy, and the printing press fueled a philosophical enlightenment

-Logical deduction

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3
Q

Ptolemaic System

A

The geocentric model of the universe
Fixed, motionless earth, with a series of crystal-like, transparent spheres
In the eyes of the Church, god existed beyond the 10th sphere

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4
Q

Copernican Universe

A

Nicholas Copernicus (Mathematician)
Offered up Heliocentric Theory
Sun at the center of the universe and the moon revolved around the earth

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5
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Showed through astronomical observation that the orbits of the planets around the sun were elliptical, rather than circular

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Mathematician that wanted to explain what planets were made of and the motion in the universe
Used telescope to make observations
Discovered that heavenly bodies weren’t orbs of light, but were composed of matter- contradicted the Bible
If heavenly bodies were made of material, the bible was wrong so the church put him on house arrest and ordered him to abandon the Copernican model

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7
Q

Isaac Newton

A

-Defined laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation

-Explained why planets stay in elliptical orbits

-Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity
1. Law of Motion- inertia
2. f=ma
3. Action-reaction law- equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

-helped define the universe as a big machine

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8
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Analytical Geometry
Strict rules of reason and rationality to arrive at basic truths- I think therefore I am

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9
Q

Robert Boyle

A

Founder of modern chemistry

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10
Q

Scientific method

A

New method of systematically collecting and analyzing evidence

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11
Q

Enlightenment

A

logic and reason

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12
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

-Leviathan

-All humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments, life would be horrible. To escape that type of life, people entered a social contract and gave up some of their rights to strong governments in return for order

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13
Q

John Locke

A

-Reasoned that humans created government, thus gov. receives its power from the people
-Believed that all people had NATURAL RIGHTS that could not be taken away
-Government was created to protect these rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY
-If the government fails to do so, it is the RIGHT/DUTY of the people to replace it with something that will
-became basis for the American revolution
-created TABULA RASA, all men are created equal

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14
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Locke, all men are created equal

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15
Q

Voltaire

A

-Championed the rights of free speech and religion
-Criticized the church and Christianity in general
-Created enemies because of his challenges to the church and governments
-Created the idea of Deism

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16
Q

Deism

A

Voltaire, idea that the world was a machine that god set in motion to run on its own (clockmaker)

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17
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Developed a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers
- executive, legislative, judicial

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18
Q

Jean Jeaques Rousseau

A

“forced to be free”- most free with government
Idea that governments could only be good if they got their power from the “general will”

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19
Q

Cesar Beccaria

A

Punishments should not be exercised in brutality
Wrote of the abuses of justice, denounced the use of torture and thought that capital punishment should be abolished

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20
Q

Adam Smith

A

-Laissez faire
-3 basic roles: provide army, police, and public works
-The Wealth of Nations

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21
Q

Laissez faire

A

to let be/ to let alone

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22
Q

Denis Diderot

A

published 28- volume encyclopedia

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23
Q

Salons

A

meeting places where ideas flowed freely amongst the people

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24
Q

Music eras

A

Early
Renaissance
Baroque
Classical
Romantic

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25
Q

Rococo

A

style that emphasized grace, elegance, and gentleness
Use of gold and curves
Use of light, sense of enchantment
Spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
escaped the logic and reason they had been beaten over the head with

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26
Q

Music

A

Shift away from the church

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27
Q

Baroque

A

More elaborate and ornamental
Bach, Pachelbel, Vivaldi, Handel

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28
Q

Classical

A

cleaner divisions between melodies, created contrast with its change in melody
Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven

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29
Q

Baroque artists

A

Bach
Pachelbel
Vivaldi
Handel

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30
Q

Classical artists

A

Mozart
Haydn
Beethoven

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31
Q

Enlightened Absolutism

A

-Idea that rulers could maintain rule while allowing greater freedoms for the people under them
-Lead to rulers banning things like torture, capital punishment, and allowing for greater tolerance of basic freedoms

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32
Q

Frederick the Great

A

Changed his rule from his father’s by allowing greater freedoms

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33
Q

Joseph II

A

Abolished serfdom and the death penalty
Enacted religious reforms
Failed due to confusion by the serfs and restraint from the nobles

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34
Q

Catherine the Great

A

Didn’t implement ideas because of the support of the nobility she needed

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35
Q

Seven Years’ War

A

France and Britain fight over colonial empires
French/Austria/Russia v. Britain/Prussia
Stalemate led to Treaty of Paris 1763

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36
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

-1763

-France transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain

-Britain becomes the world’s greatest colonial power

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37
Q

The Americas

A

Missionaries spread Christianity throughout Latin America

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38
Q

Parliament gains more power in Britain when ______ dynasty takes over

A

Hanoverian

39
Q

USA

A

-13 colonies enter a new social contract
-Declaration of independence sets agenda for a new nation based on the protection of freedoms

40
Q

_______________ sorts out the affairs of the states’- purposefully weak

A

Articles of Confederation

41
Q

Constitutional Convention of 1787

A

-Proposed a federal system of government

-Divides government into judicial, legislative, executive

-Bill of rights was adopted as well to protect the rights of the people

42
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

-How the universe works
-natural laws that govern it

43
Q

Enlightenment

A

How human nature works

44
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution help to advance the Enlightenment?

A

Logic, reason
Scientific methodology
Finding things out for yourself

45
Q

Old Regime

A

Political system since the middle ages

46
Q

3 Estates

A

1st- Clergy- ran the church and owned 10% of the land
2nd- Nobility-people who held positions of importance throughout France and owned 25-30% of the land
3rd-Commoners- 98% of the population that owned 65% of the land and paid all taxes (taille)

47
Q

Relics of feudalism

A

-class inequalities
-obligations still existed in France

48
Q

Louie XVI

A

French King who needed money to pay of the debt from the 7 Years’ War- inherited a shitload of problems

49
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

-Wife of Louie XVI, daughter of AUSTRIAN Marie Theresa

-Growing disconnection between the monarchy and the people because of her extravagance

-Madame Deficit

50
Q

Meeting of the Estates-General

A

May 5, 1789
French Parliament last convened 1614
Dispute over voting- 3 estates had 1 vote
3rd estate wanted everyone to pay taxes
1, 2 wanted control over finances
3rd estate locked out

51
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A

When locked out of Estates-General, moved to a tennis court and called itself a National Assembly on June 20, 1789
Swore to continue to meet until they had produced a new constitution
Louis prepared to use force against the new assembly
Parisian mob stormed the Bastille and changed the fate of the revolution

52
Q

aristocracy

A

a government in which power is vested in a minority; governing body or upper class usually made up of an hereditary nobility

53
Q

assembly

A

a legislative body; the gathering of a political or social group

54
Q

bourgeoisie

A

the middle class

55
Q

class

A

a group sharing the same economic or social status; social rank

56
Q

courtiers

A

those in attendance at a royal court, often to entertain or bring concerns to a monarchy

57
Q

despotism

A

a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power

58
Q

grandiose

A

impressive because of uncommon largeness, scope, effect or splendor

59
Q

hierarchy

A

the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing

60
Q

incorruptible

A

not subject to decay or dissolution; incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted

61
Q

ominous

A

having a menacing, alarming character foreshadowing evil or disaster

62
Q

reason

A

the power of comprehending, inferring, or thinking especially in orderly rational ways

63
Q

sans-culottes

A

an extreme radical republican group in France at the time of the Revolution

64
Q

Some causes of the French Rev.

A

-Years of mismanagement
-loss of the 7 years’ war
-bankruptcy
-lack of food
-population growth
-France’s investment in the American Revolution

65
Q

What groups in France made up the 3 Estates

A

1- clergy- 10% of land
2- nobility- 20-25% of land
3- commoners- 97% of population owned 65% of the land

66
Q

The French hated Marie Antoinette because

A

-She was Austrian
-Did not conceive a child early in her marriage
-Spent outrageous amounts of money (Madame Deficit)

67
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A

-All MEN are created equal

-sovereignty belongs to the people

-increased freedoms

68
Q

Robespierre the

A

Incorruptable

69
Q

“Louis must die, that the country can live”

A

-Robespierre- only one could remain and go forward

-if Louie lived, it meant the Revolution was wrong

70
Q

Jean-Paul Marat’s paper

A

The Friend of the People

71
Q

Important effects of the French Revolution

A

-France no longer has a monarchy
-increased the power of the national state
-set a precedent for French democracy
-led to the emergence of the middle class

72
Q

What did the people want to see changed most as a result of the Revolution?

A

-More food (bread cost a month’s wages)
-Equal rights

73
Q

When was the fall of the Bastille?

A

July 14, 1789 (Bastille Day)

74
Q

Bastille day (July 14, 1789)

A

-Bastille represented the torture of the lower class and the oppression they faced by their government
-Tore down the Bastille brick by brick
-Marked the beginning of the French Revolution

75
Q

Peasant Rebellion

A

Starving Peasants revolt against the old regime

76
Q

How did the Scientific Revolution help to advance the Enlightenment

A

-logic, reason, scientific methodology
-finding things out for themselves
-Completely throwing out everything previously thought

77
Q

The Great Fear

A

Panic that swept the nation with a rear of foreign invasion that lead to the need for a new and stable government

78
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A

stated the ideas of the revolution
Freedom of press and equality of all men
Did not include women

79
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

-Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen
-not taken seriously

80
Q

Women in the Revolution

A

Anglry crowd of Parisian women march to Versailles armed with broom-stickes, alnces, pitchforks, swords, pistols and muskets
Forced the king to accept the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen and escorted him to Paris

81
Q

Louie and Marie were killed because

A

the fear of a counter revolution

82
Q

George Danton

A

One of the main leaders of the revolution
Man of the People
large, loud, rough around the edges
Opposite of Robespierre

83
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

-became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety
-“The Incorruptable”
-Revolution became more radical under his leadership

84
Q

Marat

A

publisher of the radical L’ami du People
killed in bathtub and made a martyr

85
Q

Jaques Rene Herbert

A

leader of the de-Christianization movement

86
Q

Reign of Terror

A

peiod of time where the revolution became very violent, at least 200-400 thousand killed

87
Q

The Great Terror

A

-Robespierre’s republic of virtue enforced by terror
-He attempted to wipe out all aspects of the past

88
Q

End of the Terror

A

Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death
-last victim of the Terror

89
Q

Directory

A

new group of 5 men who ruled France after the fall of Robespierre

90
Q

Coup d’etat

A

Strike against the state
A sudden overthrow of the government

91
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

-Led the Coup and made himself the single ruler of France
-Emulated the Roman Consuls
-Father of Modern Europe because of his Code

92
Q

Consulate

A

new government after the coup

93
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

-simplification of the French legal system

-recognized the principles of equality (but not for women)

HMWH (12 decks)

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