English terminology Arnold Flashcards
Sentence moods (4):
- Declarative- a statement
- Exclamative- an exclamation
- Interrogative- a question
- Imperative- an order
Mode is:
A method of transmitting and receiving information
Mode types (4):
- Spoken
- Written
- CMC
- Blended
Overlap is:
An interruption when discussing spoken conversation.
(Can signify enthusiasm, support or negativity)
Back-channel is:
Minimal vocal responses
Hedge is:
Vague expressions “like”, “a bit”- to soften opinion or criticism
Paralinguistic feature is:
Non-verbal communication (features used alongside language like: facial expressions, gestures etc)
Prosodic feature is:
Non-verbal sounds that contribute to language meaning
Pitch, volume, emphasis, inflections (rising/ falling)
Emphatic stress is:
Pauses, gestures, emphasis, intake of breath
Pragmatics is:
A gap between what is said and meant
Sarcasm, euphemism, politeness
Goffman’s Face theory is:
- We all present a face in each conversation we have
- Like being a customer or a listening friend
- Reinforcement of other’s roles- lacework
Face is:
A character/ role
Brown and Levinson: Development of the Face theory
- Positive face needs- to be liked
- Negative face needs- to be independent
- They are always in tension
Face- threatening acts are:
- Directly challenging their (positive or negative) face needs
- Can be very subtle and only noticed by a person they affect
- Face-saving act= speaker says something to lessen a possible threat or to maintain good face/ image
Evaluative adjective is:
Offer a judgement on
the noun being described.
o The student’s work was awful.
Comparative adjective is:
Usually end in –er or have more in front of them and make comparisons.
You are more stupid than him.
Nadine is prettier than you.
Superlative adjectives
Express the highest degree of a quality, and usually end in
–est or have most in front of them.
o You are the most stupid person I have ever met.
o Mr Shovlin is the smartest man alive.
Attributive adjective is
Come before the noun they modify.
o Do you have any available rooms?
Predicative adjective is:
Come after the noun (with a verb in between).
o Do you know if this room is available?
Post-positive adjective is:
Come immediately after the noun.
o Is this room available?
Adverb is
Gives us extra information about verbs and adjectives. A word ending in –ly is often an adverb
he ran quickly
he was especially ugly.
Adverb of manner is
Describe the way in which something is done.
o The man kissed me passionately
Adverb of time is
Tell us the time that something happens, or its frequency.
o I’ll see you tomorrow.
o I go to the gym regularly.
Particularising adverbs are:
(Adverbs of degree)
Focus attention on what follows them.
o I am particularly annoyed but my day was mostly okay.
Face-saving Act is:
Speaker says something to lessen a possible threat or to maintain good face/ image
Intensifier
Intensify a meaning of a word
I am so angry
Exclusive adverbs are:
Focus attention on what follows them, to the exclusion of all
other possibilities.
o You are only interested in yourself; it is just a question of when everyone
finds out.
Adverb of place is:
Where something happens
I left my keys somewhere.
Get here right now, you rat.
Conjunction is:
Connect together words or clauses
