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Undeleted > English Language terminology > Flashcards

English Language terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Accent.

A

Distinct pronunciation of people.

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2
Q

Accomadation.

A

Where a speaker adapts to another accent, dialect or sociolect.

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3
Q

Acronomy.

A

Abreviation using first letters of a group of words e.g. GCSE

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4
Q

Agenda setting.

A

Where speaker sets up conversation topic.

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5
Q

Article

A

Determiner such as ‘a’ or ‘the’

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6
Q

Asymmetrical power

A

Imbalance of power between people.

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7
Q

Audience.

A

Person/people, reading or hearing text.

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8
Q

Backchanneling

A

Supportive terms. e.g. ‘really’ and ‘and’

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9
Q

Bald-on-record

A

Blunt speech e.g. ‘sit down’,’shut up’

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10
Q

Bias

A

A form of predudice for or against an idea.

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11
Q

Catenative

A

Chain like structure in a sentence. So we…and then… and then we.

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12
Q

Closer

A

Spoken expressions to end conversation.

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13
Q

Codifacation.

A

Standardising a language.

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14
Q

Collocation

A

Words found together in a phrase. E.g. Back to front.

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15
Q

Conditioning.

A

Learning from positive reinforcement the correct word or term to say.

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16
Q

Connotation

A

Assosciated meanings we individually have with words.

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17
Q

Context

A

Where, when, and how a text is produced or recieved.

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18
Q

Convergence.

A

Where a speaker changes to another speaker’s accent, dialect, or socialect.

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19
Q

Convert prestige.

A

High social status through use of non standard forms.

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20
Q

Declarative statement.

A

Type of sentence that provides information.

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21
Q

Definite article

A

‘the’

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22
Q

Deixis

A

Terms that are in context.

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23
Q

Denotation

A

Accepted definition of a word.

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24
Q

Determiner

A

Words determining the status of a noun.

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25
Q

Dialect

A

Language, lexis, and grammer particular to a region. Non-standard language e.g. regional dialect of Sheffield.

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26
Q

Discourse

A

Structure of any text longer than a sentence.

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27
Q

Discourse marker

A

Change in direction of an extended piece of writing e.g. nevertheless

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28
Q

Discourse structure

A

The way the text is structured according to features of the text’s genre.

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29
Q

Dismissal Formula

A

Device used to close a converastion.

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30
Q

Dispreferred response

A

Unexpected response that can come across as rude.

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31
Q

Divergence

A

Where a speaker distances themselves from another speaker by using their own dialect.

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32
Q

Downward convergence.

A

Making accent or lexis more informal.

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33
Q

Exophoric reference

A

Refering to something beyond the conversation culturally.

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34
Q

Field

A

Words used in text relating to its subject matter.

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35
Q

Flouting a maxim

A

When someone defies the conversation’s maxims.

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36
Q

Formality

A

The degree to which the text keeps its focus on the subject and stays formal and impersonal.

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37
Q

Framing

A

Directing and controlling the conversation’s agenda.

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38
Q

Genre

A

Type of text.

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39
Q

Gestural

A

Communication through movement and body language.

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40
Q

Glottan stops.

A

Emphasising your point by misforming your words.

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41
Q

Grammar.

A

Structure of sentences and how they go together.

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42
Q

High frequency lexis.

A

Re-appearing everyday words.

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43
Q

Hospitality token

A

Polite utterance relating to context putting speakers at ease.

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44
Q

Hypernyms

A

Any category of conversation. E.g. animals.

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45
Q

Hyponyms

A

Examples within Hypernyms e.g, Horses if the hypernym is animals.

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46
Q

Idiom

A

A common non-literal expression

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47
Q

Idiolect

A

Your own individual way of speaking.

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48
Q

Imperative

A

A sentence where the subject is usually left out and the verb is in its bare form.

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49
Q

Indefinite article

A

‘a’ or ‘an’

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50
Q

Inflection

A

ending of ‘-ed’,’-s’ or’-ing’ to change the tense, number or make nouns plural.

51
Q

Interrogative

A

A question thats a type of sentence where the subject and the verb are swapped. E.g. Are you happy? Rather than You are happy. Also it can be used in single question words e.g. Who, what, when, how. Or just by use of a question mark.

52
Q

Intertextuality/intertextual reference.

A

Subtle reference to another text as it creates shared context because they have similiar or the same pragmatics. It creates a sense of imagined closeness in the readders mind.

53
Q

Intonation

A

The pitch of your voice.

54
Q

Juxtaposition.

A

The placement of two contrasting ideas or things next to each other. This can be words used in an unexpected combination or in a multimodel text like a sentence.

55
Q

Labelling

A

Attaching words to objects. Directly links to children learning to speak.

56
Q

Lexical field

A

The main subject matter of the text.

57
Q

Lexicon

A

Vocabulary of a language.

58
Q

Lexis

A

Words and their origins.

59
Q

Loanword

A

English word that has come into use being borrowed from another language. E.g. Vice versa.

60
Q

Low-frequency lexis

A

Words that appear rarely. Normally specialist terms from certian fields. E.g. terms in medicine. (Often used with divergence and convert prestige)

61
Q

Mainstream dialect

A

The dialect that spans the whole english nation.

62
Q

Manner

A

Used to express how formal or informal a text is.

63
Q

Manner Maxim

A

A co-operative principle in what you say, so you avoid being obscure and be orderly.

64
Q

Mixed mode

A

Features of speech and writing in the same text.

65
Q

Mode

A

Texts in spoken mode (conversation), text in written mode (english essay), or mixed mode (political speech is written to be spoken).

66
Q

Modifier

A

Any word that describes a noun

67
Q

Morphological derivation

A

Creating a new word out of an old word or affix. E.g -ly changes adjectives into adverbs such as ‘nice’.

68
Q

Multimodal

A

A text that uses more than one mode. Often used for texts that have a combination of text and images.

69
Q

Negative face

A

Our desire to avoid something we dont want to do.

70
Q

Negative politeness

A

Being polite with negative constructions and a indirect hedged approach. E.g You couldn’t take the bins out for me, could you?

71
Q

Neologism

A

A newly formed or coined word

72
Q

Neutral comment

A

Speaker makes a comment on something neutral in the surroundings. like the weather.

73
Q

Nonce formation.

A

A nonsense new word created for a special occasion. E.g. Before lunch feeling ‘hungry-ish’

74
Q

Number homophones

A

Where numbers are used to replace all or part of a word whose sound they resemble. Usually used in electronic text. E.g. 2-to, great-Gr8.

75
Q

Off-record

A

A use of an indirect insult/threat, not to someone’s face. E.g. This rooms pretty messy isn’t it.

76
Q

Opener

A

Expressions that open a conversation. E.g. So what are your holiday plans this Summer?

77
Q

Other related comment.

A

Speaker comments about another speaker.

78
Q

Overt prestige

A

Dialect used by a culturally powerful group.

79
Q

Pace

A

The speed at which you talk.

80
Q

Perlocutionary act

A

What happens as a response to something that is said.

81
Q

Phatic talk

A

Speech without a significant meaning that just maintains social relationships and starts conversations. E.g. ‘Hi there’

82
Q

Polysemic

A

A word with more than one meaning. E.g. set

83
Q

Polysemy

A

Multiple meanings of a word.

84
Q

Positive face

A

Our need to maintain self esteem. Threatened when we are criticised.

85
Q

Possessive determiner

A

Determiner that shows who the noun belongs to. E.g. My book.

86
Q

Positive politeness

A

Informal approach assuming the other party will agree. E.g. I think that about wraps it up, don’t you?

87
Q

Pragmatic failure

A

When the implied meaning is misunderstood by the listener.

88
Q

Pragmatics

A

What we mean in the context of what we say and write.

OR

The contextual aspects of language use.

89
Q

Pre-start.

A

A word or phrase that clears the air before a new speaker’s turn begins. E.g. well…

90
Q

Privation

A

The absence of social relationships.

91
Q

Prosodics

A

How we use rhythm, stress, intonation and pace in speech to create particular effects.

92
Q

Purpose

A

Describes why the text was produced or uttered.

93
Q

Quality maxim

A

A co-operative principle that requires that you do not say what you believe to be false.

94
Q

Quantity maxim

A

A co-operative principle that requires you are careful in what you say. Be just as informative as is needed and no more.

95
Q

Recieved Pronunciation.

A

A prestige form of English pronunciation.

96
Q

Register

A

The type of variety of language that the writer or speaker has chosen to use.

97
Q

Relation maxim

A

A co-operative principle that requires that you make what you say relevant to the last speaker’s turn.

98
Q

Self-related comment

A

Speaker makes a comment about him/herself

99
Q

Semantic field.

A

A pattern of words with similiar meanings found across a text or texts.

100
Q

Semantic shift

A

The change in a meaning of a word.

101
Q

Semantics.

A

Meaning of words in relation to themsleves and to the other words in the text.

102
Q

Semiotics.

A

The study of signs and symbols, especially in images, sounds, music and patterns.

103
Q

Sex

A

Biological differences between males and females.

104
Q

Gender

A

Behaviors constructed through early socialisation and continues throughout life.

105
Q

Sociolect

A

A variety of language that is that is characteristic of the social background or status of its user.

106
Q

Stress

A

Where volume is raised to place emphasis on a particular syllable.

107
Q

Synchronicity

A

Events that occur simultaneously, such as communication.

108
Q

Synchronous

A

At the same time. E.g. face to face conversation is synchronous discourse.

109
Q

Tag question

A

Interrogative clause added to end of a declarative to make a question. E.g. we’re meeting for lunch today, aren’t we?

110
Q

Topic management.

A

The way topics in a conversation are organised or handed from speaker to speaker. Can also be called Agenda setting.

111
Q

Turn taking

A

The process of taking turns in a conversation, where only one pseaker speaks at a time.

112
Q

Upward convergence

A

Changing your accent or lexical choices to something you percieve as more prestigious.

113
Q

Vernacular

A

Everyday regional language spoken by people.

114
Q

Vernacular writing.

A

Informal, non-standard writing.

115
Q

Violating a maxim.

A

Subtle failure of someone to observe a maxim. E.g. Going on about a topic for a bit too long.

116
Q

Vocative.

A

Directly addressing someone in conversation by their name.

117
Q

How do you avoid flouting the maxim of Quantity.

A
  1. Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary.
  2. Do not make your contribution to the conversation more informative than necessary.
118
Q

How do you avoid flouting the maxim of quality?

A
  1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
  2. Do not say something for which you lack adequate evidence.
119
Q

How do you avoid flouting the maxim of relation?

A
  1. Be relevant.
120
Q

How do you avoid flouting the maxim of manner?

A
  1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
  2. Avoid ambiguity.
  3. Be brief.
  4. Be orderly.
121
Q

Define Acrolect.

A

Most formal a speaker’s language can be.

122
Q

Basilect.

A

The worst form a speaker’s language can be, e.g. poor grammar, slang, swearing.

123
Q

Mesolect.

A

Speech in the middle of basilect and acrolect.

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