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Undeleted > 13.1-5 Energy and ecosystems. > Flashcards

13.1-5 Energy and ecosystems. Flashcards

1
Q

What do Producers do in the food chain or web?

A

They manufacture organic substances using light energy, carbon dioxide, water and mineral ions. (Plants need mineral ions to create chlorophyll).

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2
Q

What do consumers do in the food chain or web?

A

They feed on other organisms.

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3
Q

What do saprobionts (decomposers) do in the food chain or web?

A

Break down complex materials in dead organisms into simple ones.

By externally digesting complex molecules into soluble molecules they can absorb into their cells.

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4
Q

Whats another term for Decomposers?

A

Saprobionts

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5
Q

True or false: Most animals rely on a single food source in a habitat.

A

False.

They rely on multiple food sources.

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6
Q

What do you get when many food chains link together through having the same organisms?

A

A food web.

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7
Q

What is each stage in a food chain known as?

A

A Trophic level.

(hence trophy)

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8
Q

What do arrows on food chains and webs repesent?

A

They represent the direction of energy flow.

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9
Q

What do pyramids of numbers show?

A

The quantity of organisms.

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10
Q

What do pyramids of biomass show?

A

Shows organisms at different trophic levels related to their dry mass per square metre.

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11
Q

What is biomass?

A

The dry mass of living material determined for a given trophic level.

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12
Q

What are the units for dry mass?

A

Grams per square metre of the area or cubed.

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13
Q

What does the pyramid of biomass show/represent?

A

Dry mass of all organisms on each trophic level at a particular time.

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14
Q

What is a weakness of measuring biomass?

A

Time, as you can’t rely on measuring at only one point in time as organisms will change mass over time.

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15
Q

What do pyramids of energy do?

A

They use energy values in a given area over a specific period of time for each trophic level.

By doing this it can measure the energy content of a material.

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16
Q

What’s the unit for energy on pyramids of energy?

A

KJm-2yr-1

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17
Q

What do we use to find out how much energy is in a substance?

A

We use a Bomb colorimeter.

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18
Q

What is the process of using a bomb colorimeter?

A
  • Weigh dry sample
  • Burn in pure oxygen in a sealed chamber.
  • Heat released causes a rise in temperature.
  • 4.184J of energy is needed to raise 1g of water 1°C
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19
Q

What do you need to calculate the energy release?

A

The volume of water and the temperature rise.

20
Q

What do energy pyramids need to take into acount?

A

Seasonal fluctuations of activity as it measures energy values which will change during these fluctuations.

21
Q

Give a weakness of energy pyramids.

A

Dont show fate of energy at each trophic level.

They rarely include other parts of the ecosystem that cannot be used to determine the efficiency of food chains.

22
Q

Define Photoautotrophs.

A

Plant or algea that make complex molecules (food) from simple ones.

23
Q

Wahat happens the sunlight energy when it hits a leaf? Include percentages.

A

5% Reflected

5% Passes through

50% Innapropriate wavelengths

33% Lost as heat from photosynthesis

5% Lost as heat from respiration.

40% Is absorbed

2% is stored.

24
Q

What is the Net primary production equation? And define the components.

A

NPP=GPP-R Net Primary production of energy = Gross primary production - Respiration.

Gross primary production: Total energy converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis.

Respiration: Release of chemical energy used in metabollic processes.

Net Primary Production: Chemical energy that accumulates in plants after immediate losses.

25
Q

What is NPP is regards to the enerhy chain or web?

A

NPP is energy thats avaliable to the primary consumer.

26
Q

True or False: NPP (Net primary productuion) is only in plants?

A

True. Other organisms like animals have other production terms.

27
Q

How is energy transferred to the next trophic level?

A
  • Organism is consumed by primary, secondary, tertiary ect. consumer.
  • Death, production of urine and faeces and loss of organic tissue allows the energy from the organism to be passed on to decomposers.
28
Q

Plants have the Net primary production. What do animals have?

A

Net secondary production. (NSP) (Get it, As they come second always in food chain after producers)

29
Q

Define secondary production.

A

The rate at which energy is used to make new organic molecules within hetrotrophs (Animals and fungi) which is known as secondary production.

30
Q

Define Hetrotrophs.

A

Organisms that are animals and fungi. They do not make their own food.

31
Q

How do you measure efficiency of chemical potential energy transferred between trophic levels? And what are the units?

A

Efficiency = (Energy avaliable after the transfer/Energy avaliable before the transfer) x 100

Measured in Kilojoules per square metre per year (kJm-2year-1)

32
Q

Why is energy lost between trophic levels ?

A
  • Some organisms can’t be eaten e.g. bones, fur ect.
  • Once ingested, some organisms can’t be digested.
  • Energy is lost in excretory materials such as urine.
  • Energy is lost in form of heat from respiration and body heat.
33
Q

Whats the equation for Gross primary production (GPP), Net primary production (NPP) and respiration losses?

A

GPP = NPP + Respiration losses

NPP = GPP - Respiration losses

Respiration losses = GPP - NPP

34
Q

What’s the equation for Net production?

A

Net production = Food energy intake - (energy in faeces and urine + respiration losses)

35
Q

What’s the equation for percentage efficiency?

A

Percentage efficiency = Net production/ food intake x 100%

36
Q

Why does the farming practise of restricting movement reduce energy loss?

A

Less metabollic reactions for movement needed so less respiration will occur. Correlating with less energy being lost as there’s less respiration loss.

37
Q

Why does the farming practise of keeping the environment warm reduce energy loss?

A

Less energy lost as heat energy as its being used up by organism regulating body temperature in cold environments. So more energy can be passed on.

38
Q

Why does the farming practise of control feeding reduce energy loss?

A

Giving the animals food with digestable nutrients, so no overproduction of waste. This maximises energy storage.

39
Q

Why does the farming practise of excluding predators reduce energy loss?

A

Less energy and biomass lost from decomposing dead animals. So more is passed onto next trophic level in food web.

40
Q

Why does the farming practise of use of insecticides reduce energy loss?

A

Less producers are killed preventing large losses of population and biomass. Means more energy is absorbed by producers overall and passed onto next trophic level of primary consumer. Also, insects eating leaves reduce photosynthesis of that plant so reduces it’s energy production. Lastly, Insects can tranfer diseases to plants which can effect energy transfer, also farmers could have reduced yields or damage tothe part of the plant being sold.

41
Q

Why does the farming practise of using herbicides reduce energy loss?

A

Stops competition from unwanted weeds and plants so plant’s leaves can absorb more energy overall to pass onto the primary consumer. As they dont risk competing and losing over space for themsleves and yield energy.

42
Q

What are the two types of fertiliser?And where are they used?

A

Natural - Used in Organic farming systems.

Artificial - Used in Inorganic farming systems.

43
Q

What are the four types of fertiliser application?

A
  • Ammonium salts (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate)
  • Animal manure
  • Bone meal
  • Urea
44
Q

What advantages are there to the plants with extra nitrogen to their fertiliser?

A
  1. Plants make more DNA and proteins quicker for growth.
  2. Plants develop earlier.
  3. Grow taller
  4. Larger Surface Area of leaves
  5. Greater rate of photosynthesis
  6. Overall greater productivity and higher yields
  7. Leads to cheaper foods
45
Q

Why should farmers not use excess fertiliser?

A

It causes eutrophication and reduced species diversity.

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