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English Language > English Language Exam 2 Revision > Flashcards

English Language Exam 2 Revision Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 sentence types?

A

Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamative

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2
Q

What are declarative sentences?

A

includes a declarative statement

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3
Q

What are interrogative sentences?

A

asks a question

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4
Q

What are imperative sentences?

A

gives commands or instructions

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5
Q

What are exclamative sentences?

A

expresses emotions

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6
Q

What are the 8 parts of speech?

A

noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection

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7
Q

What is a noun?

A

person, place or thing

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8
Q

What is a verb?

A

doing word

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9
Q

What is a pronoun?

A

a word that replaces a noun to avoid repeating noun

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10
Q

What is an auxiliary verb?

A

helping be verb, supports the verb

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11
Q

What is a modal auxiliary verb?

A

modifies verb to change mode (can, could, will, would)

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12
Q

What is an adjective?

A

describing word

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13
Q

What is an adverb?

A

word used to modify/describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs

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14
Q

What is a preposition?

A

word that express spatial relationship between noun and other element

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15
Q

What is a conjunction?

A

linking word/phrase that joins two clauses

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16
Q

What is an interjection?

A

expressive words that interject a sentence (Wow!, Yikes!)

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17
Q

What is a determiner?

A

a word put in front of a noun to clarify specificity or definiteness (a, an, the)

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18
Q

What are the sentence structure types?

A

simple, compound, complex, compound complex

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19
Q

What is a simple sentence?

A

contains one independent clause

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20
Q

What is a compound sentence?

A

contains 2 independent clauses

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21
Q

What is a complex sentence?

A

contains one independent and one dependent clause

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22
Q

What is a compound-complex sentence?

A

combination of compound and complex, contains at least 3 clauses

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23
Q

What are the 6 subsystems?

A

Phonology
Morphology
Lexicology
Syntax
Discourse
Sematics

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24
Q

What is phonology?

A

study of speech sounds

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25
Q

What is lexicology?

A

study of word classes and parts of speech

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26
Q

What is morphology?

A

study of morphemes and word structure

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27
Q

What is syntax?

A

study of sentences, phrases and clauses

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28
Q

What is discourse?

A

study of all aspects/subsystems in a single piece of text

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29
Q

What is semantics?

A

study of the meaning of words

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30
Q

What are phonemes?

A

speech sounds

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31
Q

What is etymology?

A

study of word origins

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32
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

smallest meaningful unit of language

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33
Q

What is a phrase?

A

two or more words that do not contain the subject or verb

34
Q

What is a clause?

A

two or more words that do contain both the subject and verb

35
Q

What is a predicate?

A

the verb and everything after

36
Q

What is a subject?

A

main focus of a sentence, subject noun (often replaced by pronoun)

37
Q

What is cultural context?

A

aspects of context that relate to the culture the speaker is from, such as attitudes, values and beliefs

38
Q

What is situational context?

A

everything outside of text that influences language used, such as field, tenor, language mode, setting and text type

39
Q

What are Jakobson’s 6 functions of language?

A

referential, emotive, poetic, conative, phatic and metalingual

40
Q

SKIP CARD

A

:O

40
Q

Broadening

A

Words meaning becoming less specific (gains meanings)
‘viral’ (+internet)

41
Q

Narrowing

A

Words meaning becomes more specific (loses meanings)
‘apple’ (-all fruits)

42
Q

Shift

A

The process of a words changing what it denotes to something different.
pretty (crafty/clever -> attractive)

43
Q

Elision

A

The omission of sounds or syllables in pronunciation
‘fish ‘n’ chips’ vs ‘fish and chips’

44
Q

Taboo

A

A term or phrase that is considered unacceptable socially to say
swear words

45
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of making one sound segment similar to neighbouring one
sandwich -> samwich

46
Q

Acronym

A

A word formed from the initial letters of a series of words that are pronounced as a word
ANZAC (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps)

47
Q

Shortening

A

Forming a new word by removing part of a longer word
pram (perambulator)

48
Q

Obsolesce

A

A term or phrase is no longer used in language
‘groak’

49
Q

Deterioration

A

The process of a words connotation becoming more negative
‘gossip’

50
Q

Elevation

A

The process of a word’s connotation changing to become more positive
‘sick’ (colloquially)

51
Q

Conversion

A

Changing the part of speech to which a word belongs without adding affixes
email (noun -> noun + verb)

52
Q

Backformation

A

The process of forming a word by removing a part of a word that is mistakenly thought to be an affix of a longer word.
televise -> television

53
Q

Euphemisms

A

a mild or indirect word or substituted for a harsh or blunt one
passed away-> dead

54
Q

Affixation

A

The process of forming a new word by the addition of affixes
government (govern + -ment)

55
Q

Compounding

A

A word formed by joining two full words together into a single word
keyboard (key + board)

56
Q

Analogy

A
57
Q

Vernacular

A

Everyday language spoken within a specific region or community that differs from the standard
African American English Vernacular is unique to standard English

58
Q

Pidgin

A

A simplified language that develops between groups without a common language
‘tok pisin’ is a Papua New Guinea language that is a combination of many languages

59
Q

Neologism

A

A newly coined word

60
Q

Commonisation

A

Forming a common noun from a proper noun
esky (brand -> common)

61
Q

Creole

A

A stable fully developed language that evolves from a pidgin and becomes the first language of a community
Haitian Creole is a native/first language in Haiti and is originated as a pidgin

62
Q

Cognate

A

a lexeme that is similar to another and indicate a relationship or shared history
brother (ENG) -> bror (NOR)

63
Q

Collocation

A

A pair or group of words that frequently occur together and sound natural to native speakers
‘make a decision’ vs ‘do a decision’

64
Q

Lingua Franca

A

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers of different first languages
English is commonly used in international business as a lingua franca

65
Q

World Language

A

a language that has developed an international role in communication
English

66
Q

Dialect

A

a variety if a language specific to a specific region or place that has unique and distinguishing vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
British English ‘lorry’ vs American English ‘truck’

67
Q

Nominalisation

A

Forming a noun from an existing verb or adjective
‘walk’

68
Q

Language
Reclamation

A

Process of reviving an endangered or no longer spoken language
Efforts to revive Wampanoag language of Native Americans

69
Q

Analogy

A

a comparison between two things that are similar in some way, often used to explain something unfamiliar by comparing to something familiar
‘the structure of an atom is like a solar system’

70
Q

How does a pidgin develop?

A

pidgin develops when speakers of different language backgrounds are in contact for a long time and form a new language with very simple grammar and limited vocabulary due to having no shared language before

71
Q

How does a Creole develop?

A

when a pidgin develops into a proper language with complex grammar and vocabulary and is used by children as a first language

72
Q

What is an example of a pidgin/Creole?

A

Jamaica Patois developed an English pidgin, which became a creole widely used as a primary language spoken by many Jamaicans as a native language

73
Q

Globalisation of English and factors

A

the global spread of English worldwide, caused by British US influence (media, technology, economics, and academia), and the internet

74
Q

Negatives and positives of a world language?

A

word and culture loss and decrease in language biodiversity
easier communication, access to resources and increased collaboration

75
Q

What is Kachru’s circle?

A

a model explaining the use of English across the world by splitting it into 3 circles, inner, outer, and expanding.

76
Q

What are the areas of Kachru’s circle?

A

inner circle - centre one, countries where English is the native language (US, UK, or Australia)
outer circle - countries in which English is a second’s language and holds historical importance due to factors such as colonisation (Singapore and the Philippines)
expanding circle - countries in which English is primarily a foreign language, (South Korea and Nepal)

77
Q

Codification of English

A

to the process of standardising or creating a standard form of English, this includes having consistent grammar, spellings, and rules

78
Q

Factors that led to the development of standard English

A

the printing press - media can be easily mass produced and accessible for all resulting in certain spelling and grammar being popularised and considered ‘correct’.

creation of the grammar pamphlet by Bullokar in 1586 - details grammar rules and standardising English grammar

Dr Johnsons Dictionary was created in 1755 - the dictionary was the first comprehensive book to detail the correct spelling and meaning/use of all words.

79
Q

Language Maintenance

A

efforts to keep a language actively spoken using a project or strategy is employed

includes methods such as festivals or educational programs to encourage use

the Mawng Language Revitalisation Project, Australia provides resources, trains speakers, and creates digital archives of story and languages in order to encourage language use and save records

80
Q

Benefits of Australian traditional language?

A
  • improves community bonds and mental health and wellbeing by allowing for cultural connection increasing identities strength
  • increases language diversity, prevents loss of culture, history and language

English Language (5 decks)

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