English Language Exam 2 Revision Flashcards
What are the 4 sentence types?
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamative
What are declarative sentences?
includes a declarative statement
What are interrogative sentences?
asks a question
What are imperative sentences?
gives commands or instructions
What are exclamative sentences?
expresses emotions
What are the 8 parts of speech?
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
What is a noun?
person, place or thing
What is a verb?
doing word
What is a pronoun?
a word that replaces a noun to avoid repeating noun
What is an auxiliary verb?
helping be verb, supports the verb
What is a modal auxiliary verb?
modifies verb to change mode (can, could, will, would)
What is an adjective?
describing word
What is an adverb?
word used to modify/describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
What is a preposition?
word that express spatial relationship between noun and other element
What is a conjunction?
linking word/phrase that joins two clauses
What is an interjection?
expressive words that interject a sentence (Wow!, Yikes!)
What is a determiner?
a word put in front of a noun to clarify specificity or definiteness (a, an, the)
What are the sentence structure types?
simple, compound, complex, compound complex
What is a simple sentence?
contains one independent clause
What is a compound sentence?
contains 2 independent clauses
What is a complex sentence?
contains one independent and one dependent clause
What is a compound-complex sentence?
combination of compound and complex, contains at least 3 clauses
What are the 6 subsystems?
Phonology
Morphology
Lexicology
Syntax
Discourse
Sematics
What is phonology?
study of speech sounds
What is lexicology?
study of word classes and parts of speech
What is morphology?
study of morphemes and word structure
What is syntax?
study of sentences, phrases and clauses
What is discourse?
study of all aspects/subsystems in a single piece of text
What is semantics?
study of the meaning of words
What are phonemes?
speech sounds
What is etymology?
study of word origins
What is a morpheme?
smallest meaningful unit of language
What is a phrase?
two or more words that do not contain the subject or verb
What is a clause?
two or more words that do contain both the subject and verb
What is a predicate?
the verb and everything after
What is a subject?
main focus of a sentence, subject noun (often replaced by pronoun)
What is cultural context?
aspects of context that relate to the culture the speaker is from, such as attitudes, values and beliefs
What is situational context?
everything outside of text that influences language used, such as field, tenor, language mode, setting and text type
What are Jakobson’s 6 functions of language?
referential, emotive, poetic, conative, phatic and metalingual
SKIP CARD
:O
Broadening
Words meaning becoming less specific (gains meanings)
‘viral’ (+internet)
Narrowing
Words meaning becomes more specific (loses meanings)
‘apple’ (-all fruits)
Shift
The process of a words changing what it denotes to something different.
pretty (crafty/clever -> attractive)
Elision
The omission of sounds or syllables in pronunciation
‘fish ‘n’ chips’ vs ‘fish and chips’
Taboo
A term or phrase that is considered unacceptable socially to say
swear words
Assimilation
The process of making one sound segment similar to neighbouring one
sandwich -> samwich
Acronym
A word formed from the initial letters of a series of words that are pronounced as a word
ANZAC (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps)
Shortening
Forming a new word by removing part of a longer word
pram (perambulator)
Obsolesce
A term or phrase is no longer used in language
‘groak’
Deterioration
The process of a words connotation becoming more negative
‘gossip’
Elevation
The process of a word’s connotation changing to become more positive
‘sick’ (colloquially)
Conversion
Changing the part of speech to which a word belongs without adding affixes
email (noun -> noun + verb)
Backformation
The process of forming a word by removing a part of a word that is mistakenly thought to be an affix of a longer word.
televise -> television
Euphemisms
a mild or indirect word or substituted for a harsh or blunt one
passed away-> dead
Affixation
The process of forming a new word by the addition of affixes
government (govern + -ment)
Compounding
A word formed by joining two full words together into a single word
keyboard (key + board)
Analogy
Vernacular
Everyday language spoken within a specific region or community that differs from the standard
African American English Vernacular is unique to standard English
Pidgin
A simplified language that develops between groups without a common language
‘tok pisin’ is a Papua New Guinea language that is a combination of many languages
Neologism
A newly coined word
Commonisation
Forming a common noun from a proper noun
esky (brand -> common)
Creole
A stable fully developed language that evolves from a pidgin and becomes the first language of a community
Haitian Creole is a native/first language in Haiti and is originated as a pidgin
Cognate
a lexeme that is similar to another and indicate a relationship or shared history
brother (ENG) -> bror (NOR)
Collocation
A pair or group of words that frequently occur together and sound natural to native speakers
‘make a decision’ vs ‘do a decision’
Lingua Franca
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers of different first languages
English is commonly used in international business as a lingua franca
World Language
a language that has developed an international role in communication
English
Dialect
a variety if a language specific to a specific region or place that has unique and distinguishing vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
British English ‘lorry’ vs American English ‘truck’
Nominalisation
Forming a noun from an existing verb or adjective
‘walk’
Language
Reclamation
Process of reviving an endangered or no longer spoken language
Efforts to revive Wampanoag language of Native Americans
Analogy
a comparison between two things that are similar in some way, often used to explain something unfamiliar by comparing to something familiar
‘the structure of an atom is like a solar system’
How does a pidgin develop?
pidgin develops when speakers of different language backgrounds are in contact for a long time and form a new language with very simple grammar and limited vocabulary due to having no shared language before
How does a Creole develop?
when a pidgin develops into a proper language with complex grammar and vocabulary and is used by children as a first language
What is an example of a pidgin/Creole?
Jamaica Patois developed an English pidgin, which became a creole widely used as a primary language spoken by many Jamaicans as a native language
Globalisation of English and factors
the global spread of English worldwide, caused by British US influence (media, technology, economics, and academia), and the internet
Negatives and positives of a world language?
word and culture loss and decrease in language biodiversity
easier communication, access to resources and increased collaboration
What is Kachru’s circle?
a model explaining the use of English across the world by splitting it into 3 circles, inner, outer, and expanding.
What are the areas of Kachru’s circle?
inner circle - centre one, countries where English is the native language (US, UK, or Australia)
outer circle - countries in which English is a second’s language and holds historical importance due to factors such as colonisation (Singapore and the Philippines)
expanding circle - countries in which English is primarily a foreign language, (South Korea and Nepal)
Codification of English
to the process of standardising or creating a standard form of English, this includes having consistent grammar, spellings, and rules
Factors that led to the development of standard English
the printing press - media can be easily mass produced and accessible for all resulting in certain spelling and grammar being popularised and considered ‘correct’.
creation of the grammar pamphlet by Bullokar in 1586 - details grammar rules and standardising English grammar
Dr Johnsons Dictionary was created in 1755 - the dictionary was the first comprehensive book to detail the correct spelling and meaning/use of all words.
Language Maintenance
efforts to keep a language actively spoken using a project or strategy is employed
includes methods such as festivals or educational programs to encourage use
the Mawng Language Revitalisation Project, Australia provides resources, trains speakers, and creates digital archives of story and languages in order to encourage language use and save records
Benefits of Australian traditional language?
- improves community bonds and mental health and wellbeing by allowing for cultural connection increasing identities strength
- increases language diversity, prevents loss of culture, history and language
