12 - FIRST SAC Flashcards
What are the prosodic features?
How speech sounds beyond words (stress, intonation, tempo, rhythm, pauses).
Adds meaning, mood, and emphasis.
What is stress?
intensity of syllable
Emphasises key words.
What is intonation?
changes in pitch
Shows attitude/meaning.
What is Ryhtm?
Use of beat/song like timing
“Twinkle, Twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are”
creates flow, pace
What is Pauses?
Breaks in speech.
(.)
Helps with thinking, emphasis, or drama.
What is Tempo?
speed of intonation (pitch changes)
Affects mood/urgency.
What is whispers?
Speaking softly without vibration.
Creates secrecy or urgency.
What is Laughter?
Sound showing amusement.
Adds humor, bonding, or awkwardness.
What is non-verbal communication?
Communicating without words.
Nodding, smiling.
Supports or replaces speech.
What is gestures, facial expression and eye contact?
Hand/body/face/eye movements.
Adds meaning or emphasis, shows feelings, attention and confidence.
What are openings?
the initial phrase of a discourse where contact is established and the topic/purpose is introduced
Starts interaction smoothly. Maintain social norms
What are closings?
the final phase of a discourse where finishing remarks occur that signal the end of exchange
provide a clear end point and Ends interaction smoothly. Maintain social norms
What are adjacency pairs?
sequential turns in a conversation followed by an expected response/answer
“How are you?” — “Good thanks!”
Creates natural turn-taking.
What is minimal response?
brief replies in a conversation that acknowledge speaker without providing information or taking over
“Right and I see”
Shows listening.
What is overlapping speech?
when two or more participants speak simultaneously can be both cooperative and uncooperative
Shows enthusiasm (or interruption).
What are discourse particle and markers?
linguistic elements that do not carry any semantic meaning on their own
“Well, you know, like, anyways, so, I mean, right”
used to organise communication, manage interaction, and indicate speaker intention.
What are non-fluency features?
Natural speech imperfections.
“Um,” “like.”
Shows natural, unplanned speech.
What is affixation?
forming a new word by the addition of affixes
government (govern + -ment)
Create new words
What is abbreviation?
A shortened word or phrase
“lol, laugh out loud”
Saves time and space by shortening words.
What is shortening?
Forming a new word by removing part of a longer word
pram (perambulator)
Saves time and space by shortening words.
What is compounding?
A word formed by joining two full words together into a single word
keyboard (key + board)
Create new words
What is blending?
Blending or combing of two words
“smog, smoke + fog”
Create new words
What is backformation?
when what is wrongly thought to be an affix if removed
“televise -> television”
Create new words
What is conversion of word class?
when a word changes its word class without adding affixes
“email (noun -> noun + verb)”
Change word type
What is initialisms?
an abbreviation formed from initial letters of a series of a word pronounced separately
“FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Saves time and space by shortening words.
What are acronyms?
word formed from the initial letters of a series of words that are pronounced as a word
ANZAC (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps)
Saves time and space by shortening words.
What are contractions
Process of shortening a word or words by omitting letters and replacing them with an apostrophe
“aren’t, are not”
Saves time and space by shortening words.
What are nouns?
person, place or thing
Dog
What are verbs?
doing word
Run
What are auxiliary verbs?
helping be verb, supports the verb
Is
have
What are modal auxiliary verbs?
modifies verb to change mode
(can, could, will, would)
Shows possibility/necessity.
What are adjectives?
describing word
Shows possibility/necessity.
What are adverbs?
word used to modify/describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
quickly, carefully.
What are conjunctions?
linking word/phrase that joins two clauses
and, but.
Links ideas.
What are determiners?
a word put in front of a noun to clarify specificity or definiteness
(a, an, the)
What are parallelisms?
Repetition of grammatical structures
“Easy come, easy go.”
Creates balance/rhythm.
What is antithesis?
Two contrasting ideas next to each other
“It was the best of times and it was the worst of times”
contrasts ideas.
What is listing?
Series of relating ideas, items or elements
“She likes to eat cherries, strawberries and blueberries”
Shows relatedness or completeness
What are lexical choices?
the role of content words in creating texts and how words relate to the topic or concept being discussed.
shape meaning, tone, and style by selecting specific words that suit the context, audience, purpose, and message.
What is syntax?
Sentence structure rules.
Creates clear, grammatical sentences.
What is pronunciation?
How words are said.
Affects clarity and accent.
What is jargon?
Specialised words for a group.
“RAM” in computing.
Efficient for insiders, confusing for outsiders.
What are idioms?
Phrases with non-literal meaning.
“Break the ice.”
Adds creativity and culture.
What are colloquialisms?
a casual and relaxed informal language that is usually location specific.
Gonna, chill
make speech seem more informal, familiar, and authentic,
What is slang?
newly formed words/phrases that are commonly found in very informal context
“sus”, “tea” and “bet”.
Shows group identity.
What is personal and impersonal pronouns?
Words replacing people’s names vs Pronouns with no clear person.
I, you, we. VS One should know.
Makes speech natural and personal. OR Creates formality or distance.
What are emoticons?
visual pictures that are created using keyboard symbols
:)
Adds emotion in text.
What are emojis?
small icons or pictures that are embedded into digital texts.
😂
Adds visual emotion in text.
What are context-specific graphemes?
individual symbols that represent different meaning depending on the situational context.
@
add understanding and coherence to text that would otherwise be difficult to convey
What are euphemisms?
words or phrases that are used in place of a particularly blunt or taboo word/phrase
Passed away (instead of died).
reduces impact of statement
What are dysphemisms?
words or phrases used to magnify a particular blunt of taboo word/phrase
Kicked the bucket. (instead of died).
Harshen or emphasise impact of topic
What are ellipsis?
the omission of words or phrases,
“Lauren first went to school then (Lauren went) home right after.”
reduce repetition make information more concise and efficient
What is elision?
deletion of sound
because > cos
Speeds up casual speech.
What is assimilation?
blending sounds
handbag > hambag
Blends sounds in speech.
What is insertion?
addition of sounds
humbling > humbeling
Adds sounds for flow.
What is lexical cohesion?
Linking ideas using related words.
“Dog, puppy, pet.”
Keeps text connected and clear.
What is collocation?
Words that naturally go together.
“Fast food” not “quick food.”
Sounds natural to native speakers.
What is referencing?
the use of an expression to refer to another word, phrase or clause within a discourse or setting
Links to something mentioned.
What is repetition?
using the same word throughout a text to reiterate an idea or topic, both exact duplication and inflectional morpheme.
Emphasises or buys time.
What is adverbials and conjunctions?
Words giving extra info (time, place, manner) and Words linking clauses/ideas.
Quickly or and, but, because.
Adds detail to verbs. or Connects ideas for flow and logic.
What is information flow?
how speakers convey meaning by organising and sequencing their language
emphasise important information, provide contextual information, create contrast, maintain interest, and increase readability.
What is front focus?
when important information is placed at the front of a sentence.
“Potato cakes I like.”
Emphasises start.
What is end focus?
when important information is placed at the end of a sentence or clause.
“The time to paint the house has come.”
Emphasises end.
What is clefting?
modifications to a sentence’s syntax to emphasise an element.
Adds emphasis.
What is logical ordering?
the arrangement of information to maximise understanding was text.
Keeps structure clear.
What is consistency?
the continued use of similar concepts and features throughout the text
Keeps style/tone stable.
What is inference?
the assumptions the audience makes when considering a text, allows us to draw conclusions beyond what is written.
Readers guess hidden meaning.
What is formatting?
the use of font style, spacing, alignment, headings and subheadings, lists, text colours, graphics, margins, and white space in order to give more prominence to important features of the text.
Organises text visually.
What is style/genre conventions?
the established rules of how a text should be structured, organised, or presented,
help readers follow the text, understand the intended meaning
What are semantic fields?
group of words related in meaning
Doctor, hospital, surgery.
Links related words.
What is similiarity?
highlighting shared characteristics and values
to create camaraderie.
What is humour?
making jokes witty remarks and light-hearted banter
create relaxed, friendly environment and connection.
What are compliments?
complimenting audiences’ appearance, achievements, or abilities to boost their self-esteem.
Builds positive relationships.
What is inclusive language?
using personal inclusive pronouns
create a sense of belonging and establish common ground.
What is showing interest?
expresses an interest in audience’s opinions, experiences, or emotions
Keeps conversation flowing.
What is hedging?
use of tentative language to avoid imposing on the listeners autonomy, particularly when making requests or challenging their opinions.
Softens speech.
What is apologising?
making apologies to show deference and acknowledge potential imposition on the listener.
Repairs face.
What are low modality verbs?
includes modal auxiliaries in interrogatives that indicate possibility or uncertainty
to make requests in a less imposing matter.
What is mitigating strategies?
use of language to soften impact or tone of what is being said, often used when making request or giving feedback.
Softens face threats.
What is indirect and ambiguous?
use of hints or euphemisms to convey message indirectly leaving listener to infer the intended meaning.
Avoids directness for politeness.
What are vocal effects?
Non-word sounds that convey emotion
Sighing, groaning.
Shows feelings, attitude, or reaction.
What is spoken discourse?
Natural conversation flow.
to help speakers achieve successful communication creating a harmonious social environment
What is register?
Sets formality level.
stylistic variation of language defined by its use, involves all features of language
What is tenor?
relationship between the participants of a communicative exchange.
Shows relationship between speakers.
What is cohesion?
the way we use grammatical and lexical techniques to link words together and create meaning.
Makes text/speech stick together.
What is coherence?
the logic and meaningful organisation of text, involving arranging information to create a clear message with smooth transitions.
Makes ideas clear and logical.
What is positive politeness?
strategies used to maintain social harmony by demonstrating empathy and building rapport.
Builds friendliness.
What is negative politeness?
reducing the imposition placed on the listener, achieved by indirectness, showing deference, and demonstrating respect for the listener autonomy.
Respects personal space.
