ASO1 Revision Flashcards
What are the 6 subsystems?
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Lexicology
- Syntax
- Discourse
- Sematics
What is meta-language?
language that describes language
What is phonology?
study of sound
What is lexicology?
study of word classes and parts of speech
What is morphology?
study of morphemes and word structure
What is syntax?
study of sentences, phrases and clauses
What is discourse?
study of all aspects/subsystems in a single piece of text
What is semantics?
study of the meaning of words
What are phonemes?
speech sounds
What is phonetics?
study of classifications of phonemes (speech sounds)
What are the prosodic features?
stress, pitch, volume, tempo, and intonation
What is stress?
intensity of syllable
What is pitch?
relative height of sound, high or low
What is volume?
increase or decrease of decibels
What is tempo?
speed of intonation (pitch changes)
What is intonation?
changes in pitch
What are paralinguistic features?
speech features that can only occur in person
What is the IPA?
International phonetic alphabet
What is etymology?
study of word origins
What is a morpheme?
smallest meaningful unit of language
What is a free morpheme?
a morpheme that makes sense on their own (free word)
What is a bound morpheme?
a morpheme that must be bound to make sense (affix)
What is an inflectional morpheme?
bound morpheme that changes grammar of word
What is a derivational morpheme?
bound morpheme that changes meaning of word
What is a lexicon?
complete set of meaningful vocabulary/language specific to a subject
What is a superlative?
adjective that is either best or worst
What are open class words?
content words (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs)
What are closed class words?
function words (everything but open class)
What is a phrase?
two or more words that do not contain the subject or verb
What is a clause?
two or more words that do contain both the subject and verb
What is a main/independent clause?
clause that can stand on its own
What is a dependent/subordinate clause?
clause that doesn’t make sense without an independent clause
What is a subject?
main focus of a sentence, subject noun (often replaced by pronoun)
What is a predicate?
the verb and everything after
What are the sentence structure types?
simple, compound, complex, compound complex
What is a simple sentence?
contains one independent clause
What is a compound sentence?
contains 2 independent clauses
What is a complex sentence?
contains one independent and one dependent clause
What is a compound-complex sentence?
combination of compound and complex, contains at least 3 clauses
What are the 4 sentence types?
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamative
What are declarative sentences?
includes a declarative statement
What are interrogative sentences?
asks a question
What are imperative sentences?
gives commands or instructions
What are exclamative sentences?
expresses emotions
What are context words?
a word that contributes to meaning
What are function words?
a word that contributes to grammar or function
What is the denotative meaning?
dictionary definition
What is the connotative meaning?
slang definition
What is a semantic field?
group of words related in meaining
What is a euphemism?
a mild or soft word that replaces a harsh/blunt word
What are the modes of language?
written/spoken/signed
What is figurative language?
the use of non-literal phrases to add meaning
What is cultural context?
aspects of context that relate to the culture the speaker is from, such as attitudes, values and beliefs
What is situational context?
everything outside of text that influences language used, such as field, tenor, language mode, setting and text type
What is setting?
where the text occurs in relation to space and time
What is text-type?
nature of text (eg, article, speech)
What is authorial intent?
the message/outcome the author intends to convey with the text
What is preparedness?
amount of preparation in the texts construction
What is register?
when addressor intentionally alters language to better suit situation (lawyer in court would have a legal register)
What is tenor?
relationship between the individual and speaker
What is audience?
intended listeners/readers
What is social distance?
level of relationship between individual and speaker
What is the addresser?
person speaking/author
What is the addresse?
person listening/reading
What is a signifier?
the word
What is a signified?
what the word represents
What are Jakobson’s 6 functions of language?
referential, emotive, poetic, conative, phatic and metalingual
What is referential function?
the sharing of information
What is emotive function?
the expression of emotions and desires
What is poetic function?
the aesthetic composition of language, such as poetry
What is conative function?
involves directions, questions and commands
What is phatic function?
polite, often meaningless speech (only done to maintain social connections
What is metalinguistic function?
talk about language
What are the 8 parts of speech?
noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection
What is a noun?
person, place or thing
What is a common noun?
generic noun
What is a proper noun?
specific and capitalised noun
What is a pronoun?
a word that replaces a noun to avoid repeating noun
What is a concrete noun?
a noun that can be perceived through the sense
What is an abstract noun?
a noun that cannot be perceived through the sense
What is a verb?
doing word
What is an auxiliary verb?
helping be verb, supports the verb
What is a modal auxiliary verb?
modifies verb to change mode (can, could, will, would)
What is an adjective?
describing word
What is an adverb?
word used to modify/describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
What is a preposition?
word that express spatial relationship between noun and other element
What is a conjunction?
linking word/phrase that joins two clauses
What is a determiner?
a word put in front of a noun to clarify specificity or definiteness (a, an, the)
What is an interjection?
expressive words that interject a sentence (Wow!, Yikes!)
What is elision?
deletion of sound
because > cos
What is vowel reduction?
blending unstressed vowels
What is assimliation?
blending sounds
handbag > hambag
What is insertion?
addition of sounds
humbling > humbeling
